INTRO TO URINALYSIS & PHYSICAL EXAMINATION Flashcards
total solids : 35 grams organic major composition
urea
total solids : 25-grams inorganic major to least composition
chloride > sodium > potassium
total solids : 25-grams inorganic principal salts
sodium chloride
type of urine for screening tests and qualitative urinalysis
random urine
type of urine ideal for cytology (ONLY if with prior hydration and exercise 5 mins before collection)
random urine
type of urine that is ideal specimen for routine screening or urinalysis and pregnancy testing (hCG)
first morning
type of urine used for evaluation of orthostatic proteinuria
first morning urine
type of urine used for glucose determination
second morning
urine for diabetic screening or monitoring
2 hour post prandial
urine preferred for testing glucose
2 hour post prandial
urine for routine screening and bacterial culture
midstream clean catch
urine for bacterial culture
catheterized urine
urine for anaerobic bacterial culture and urine cytology
suprapubic urine
urine for prostatic infection
three glass technique
in three glass technique, if the number of WBC and bacteria in the 3rd container is 10x greater than that of the 1st container it is indicative of
prostatitis
in three glass technique, it is used as the CONTROL for bladder and kidney function
2nd specimen
in Stamey-Mears test for prostatitis, this specimen is tested for urinary bladder infection
midstream urine (VB2)
timed specimen used for ADDIS COUNT
12 hour urine
timed specimen used for NITRITE DETERMINATION
4 hour urine
timed specimen used for UROBILINOGEN
afternoon urine
process of providing documentation of proper sample id from the time of collection to the receipt of lab results
chain of custody
required urine volume for drug specimen collection
30-45 mL
container capacity for drug specimen collection
60 mL
temperature of urine for drug testing
32.5-37.7 deg c
to prevent specimen adulteration
blueing agent
urine after collection must be delivered and tested within
2 hours; ideally within 30 mins
physical and chemical and microscopic characteristics of urine begin to change ___
as soon as the urine is voided
these are increased in unpreserved urine
pH
bacteria
odor
nitrite
decreased in unpreserved urine
clarity
glucose
ketones
conjugated bilirubin due to photo oxidation
urobilinogen
rbcs, wbcs, and casts
trichomonas
these disintegrate in dilute alkaline urine
rbcs, wbcs, casts
preservative of choice for routine UA and urine culture
refrigeration
preserves glucose and sediments well
thymol
preserves protein , does not interfere with routine analyses
boric acid
bacteriostatic and for culture transport
boric acid
excellent sediment preservative
formalin
preservative of choice for ADDIS COUNT
formalin
preservative that prevents glycolysis
sodium fluoride
used for cytology studies - 50 ml urine
saccomanos fluid
normal range of 24 hour urine
600-2000 mL
average urine volume for 24 hr urine
1200-1500 ml
day : night ratio of urine
2-3:1
container capacity for routine UA
50 ml
required volume for routine UA
10-15 ml (average 12 ml)
increased urine volume:
polyuria - >2000 ml/24hrs
decreased urine volume
oliguria - <500 ml/24 hrs or <400 ml/day
complete cessation of urine
anuria
excretion of more than 500 ml of urine at night ( normal= <400 ml)
nocturia
in urine color determination, the medtech should:
look down through the container against a white background
major pigment of urine
urochrome
pink or red urine
uroerythrin
dark yellow or orange brown pigment
urobilin
cause of dark yellow urine
carotene
orange / orange-yellow urine is caused by
bilirubin foam
phenazopyridine or pyridium
green urine
pseudomonas
blue green urine
phenol
cloudy or smoky red is caused by
rbcs (hematuria)
clear red urine is caused by
hemoglobin
causes of pink or red urine
rbcs
hemoglobin
rifampin
fuchsin
burgundy or portwine urine
porphyrin
brown black urine is caused by
methemoglobin
homogentisic acid
melanin
milky urine
increased wbcs (pyuria)
urine clarity determination (3)
thoroughly mix the sample
light source
view through a newspaper
alkaline urine causes
amorphous phosphates, carbonates
soluble with heat
amorphous urates, uric acid crystals
soluble in dilute acetic acid
rbcs, amorphous phosphates, carbonates
insoluble in dilute acetic acid
wbcs
bacteria
yeast
spermatozoa
soluble in ether
lymphatic fluids
lipids
chyle
normal odor of urine
fragrant aromatic
acute tubular necrosis odor
odorless
proteus vulgaris odor (UTI) , old urine
foul or ammoniacal or pungent
ketones (dm, starvation, vomiting) odor
fruity, sweet
maple syrup syndrome odor urine
curry, maple syrup, caramelized sugar
phenylketonuria urine odor
mousy, barny, musty
tyrosinemia urine odor
rancid butter
isovaleric, glutaric acidemia urine odor
sweaty feet, acrid
phenol containing medications urine odor
menthol like
methionine, malabsorption urine odor
cabbage, hops
cystine disorder urine odor
sulfur, rotten egg
trimethylaminuria urine odor
rotting fish
ingestion of asparagus, onion, Uti
pungent, fetid
hawkinsinuria urine odor
swimming pool
few particulates, print easily seen
hazy
many particulates, print blurred
cloudy
print cannot be seen
turbid