sem 2 - week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

How is the past perfect (pretérito pluscuamperfecto) formed?

A

using the imperfect tense of “haber” + past participle of the main verb.

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2
Q

What are the conjugations of “haber” in the past perfect?

A

Yo había, Tú habías, Él/Ella/Ud. había, Nosotros/as habíamos, Vosotros/as habíais, Ellos/Ellas/Uds. habían.

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3
Q

How do you form the past participle?

A

-AR verbs → -ado (e.g., hablar → hablado), -ER/-IR verbs → -ido (e.g., comer → comido, vivir → vivido).

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4
Q

When is the past perfect tense used?
When I arrived at the station, the train had already left
pretérito pluscuamperfecto

A

It is used to talk about an action that happened before another past action.

Cuando llegué a la estación, el tren ya había salido.
(When I arrived at the station, the train had already left.)

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5
Q

Example sentence with the past perfect - When I arrived at the party, my friends had already left.

A

Cuando llegué a la fiesta, mis amigos ya se habían ido.

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6
Q

What are indefinite pronouns?

A

Indefinite pronouns are used to refer to people or things in a non-specific way.

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7
Q

What are some affirmative indefinite pronouns?

A

Algo (something), alguien (someone), algún/alguno/a/os/as (some).

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8
Q

What are some negative indefinite pronouns?

A

nada (nothing)
nadie (nobody)
ningún/ninguno/ninguna
(none)

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9
Q

How do you use “ninguno” in a sentence?
I don’t have any problems

A

No tengo ningún problema. (I don’t have any problems.) / No tengo ninguno. (I don’t have any.)

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10
Q

When do you need to use “a” before an indefinite pronoun?

A

When referring to people after a verb, e.g., No vi a nadie en la calle. (I didn’t see anyone on the street.)

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11
Q

Cuando llegué a casa, mi hermano ya __________ (salir).

A

Cuando llegué a casa, mi hermano ya había salido.

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12
Q

Antes de ir a la universidad, yo nunca __________ (vivir) solo.

A

Antes de ir a la universidad, yo nunca había vivido solo.

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13
Q

Cuando llegamos al restaurante, ellos ya __________ (comer).

A

Cuando llegamos al restaurante, ellos ya habían comido

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14
Q

No había __________ en la tienda, estaba vacía.

A

No había nada en la tienda, estaba vacía.

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15
Q

Necesito comprar __________ para la cena.

A

Necesito comprar algo para la cena.

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16
Q

No vi __________ en el parque anoche.

A

No vi a nadie en el parque anoche.

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17
Q

Cuando llamé a Ana, ella ya __________ (irse) a dormir

A

Cuando llamé a Ana, ella ya se había ido a dormir.

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18
Q

How do you say “more … than” in Spanish?

A

Use más … que. Example: Rocío es más mayor que Marta. (Rocío is older than Marta.)

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19
Q

How do you say “less … than” in Spanish?

A

Use menos … que. Example: Marta es menos aventurera que Rocío. (Marta is less adventurous than Rocío.)

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20
Q

How do you express equality (“as … as”) in Spanish?
Rocío is as responsible as Marta.

A

Use tan … como. Example: Rocío es tan responsable como Marta. (Rocío is as responsible as Marta.)

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21
Q

How do you compare amounts (as many/much as)?

A

Use tanto/a/os/as … como. Example: Rocío tiene tantas casas como Marta. (Rocío has as many houses as Marta.)

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22
Q

How do you form a relative superlative in Spanish?
Madrid is the biggest city in Spain.

A

Use el/la/los/las + más/menos + adjective + de. Example: Madrid es la ciudad más grande de España. (Madrid is the biggest city in Spain.)

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23
Q

How do you form an absolute superlative?

A

Add -ísimo/a/os/as to an adjective. Example: Madrid es grandísima. (Madrid is extremely big.)

24
Q

What are some common irregular absolute superlatives?
very close
very far
very difficult
very easy

A

Cerca → cerquísima (very close)
Lejos → lejísimos (very far)
Difícil → dificilísimo (very difficult)
Fácil → facilísimo (very easy)

25
Q

How do you describe past customs or habits?
(When I was a child, I used to play in the park.)

A

Use the imperfect tense. Example: Cuando era niño, jugaba en el parque.

26
Q

What are the key imperfect tense verbs used to describe past customs?

A

ser - era, eras, era, éramos, erais, eran
tener - tenía, tenías, tenía, teníamos, teníais, tenían
haber - había
jugar - jugaba, jugabas, jugaba, jugábamos, jugabais, jugaban
ir - iba…
estar- estaba…
dar - daba…
hacer - hacía…

27
Q

How do you describe a place in the past?

A

Use había (there was/were) and era/estaba (was). Example: La ciudad estaba llena de parques. (The city was full of parks.)

28
Q

Fill in the blank: En el pasado, mi barrio __________ (ser) más tranquilo.

29
Q

How do you express differences between past and present?
Before, there was less traffic; now there are more cars

A

Use antes … ahora. Example: Antes había menos tráfico, ahora hay más coches. (Before, there was less traffic; now there are more cars.)

30
Q

Give an example of a sentence comparing past and present.
Before, the town was very small; now it is a big city.

A

Antes, el pueblo era muy pequeño, ahora es una ciudad grande.

31
Q

How do you ask someone about their childhood habits?

A

Use ¿Cómo era…? ¿Qué hacías…? Example: ¿Cómo era tu ciudad cuando eras niño? (What was your city like when you were a child?)

32
Q

How do you talk about a place’s physical characteristics in the past?
The park was full of trees.

A

Use estar + lleno de … (was full of). Example: El parque estaba lleno de árboles. (The park was full of trees.)

33
Q

How do you use indefinite pronouns to talk about unspecified things?
something, someone, some, nothing, nobody, none

A
  • algo (something)
  • alguien (someone)
  • algún/alguno/a/os/as (some)
  • nada (nothing)
  • nadie (nobody)
  • ningún/ninguno/ninguna (none)
34
Q

How do you use “ninguno” in a sentence?

A

No tengo ningún problema. (I don’t have any problems.) / No tengo ninguno. (I don’t have any.)

35
Q

How do you use “a” before an indefinite pronoun?

A

Use a before alguien or nadie if they are direct objects. Example: No vi a nadie en el parque. (I didn’t see anyone in the park.)

36
Q

Fill in the blank: No había __________ en la tienda, estaba vacía.

37
Q

What are some examples of absolute superlatives with planets? - Venus is extremely hot.
Jupiter is extremely big.
Mercury is extremely difficult to see.

A
  • Venus es calurosísimo.
  • Júpiter es grandísimo.
  • Mercurio es dificilísimo de ver.
38
Q

What are the 4 past tenses

A
  • Pretérito indefinido (Simple Past) - e, aste
  • Pluscuamperfecto (Past Perfect) - habria + participle
  • Pretérito Perfecto (Present Perfect) - he + participle
  • Imperfecto (Imperfect) - aba
39
Q

When do we use the Pretérito (Simple Past)?
Yesterday I went to the movies.

A

For completed actions in the past with a clear beginning or end. Used for specific past events. Example: Ayer fui al cine.

40
Q

When do we use the Imperfecto (Imperfect) in Spanish?
When I was a child, I used to play a lot.

A

For ongoing or repeated past actions without a defined endpoint. Used for descriptions, habits, or background information.
Example: Cuando era niño, jugaba mucho.

41
Q

When do we use the Pretérito Perfecto (Present Perfect) in Spanish?
I have eaten sushi several times.

A

For past actions related to the present (often with ‘ya’ or ‘alguna vez’). Used for experiences or actions affecting the present.
Example: He comido sushi varias veces.

42
Q

When do we use the Pluscuamperfecto (Past Perfect) in Spanish?
When I arrived, she had already left.

A

For actions that happened before another past action. Used to describe what had already happened at a certain point in the past. Example: Cuando llegué, ella ya había salido.

43
Q

What are common signal words for the Pretérito?

A

Words indicating a specific past time: Ayer, anoche, el año pasado, en 2010, una vez.

44
Q

What are common signal words for the Imperfecto?

A

Words indicating repetition or duration: Siempre, a menudo, todos los días, mientras, de niño/a.

45
Q

What are common signal words for the Pretérito Perfecto?

A

Words linking past to present: Hoy, esta semana, alguna vez, nunca, recientemente.

46
Q

What are common signal words for the Pluscuamperfecto?

A

Words indicating a past action before another past event: Antes de, ya, todavía no, cuando, después de.

47
Q

How do you conjugate ‘hablar’ in Pretérito for ‘yo’?

A

Yo hablé. (I spoke.)

48
Q

How do you conjugate ‘hablar’ in Pluscuamperfecto for ‘yo’?

A

Yo había hablado. (I had spoken.)

49
Q

How do you conjugate ‘hablar’ in Imperfecto for ‘yo’?

A

Yo hablaba. (I used to speak / I was speaking.)

50
Q

How do you conjugate ‘hablar’ in Pretérito Perfecto for ‘yo’?

A

Yo he hablado. (I have spoken.)

51
Q

What is the grammatical structure of the Pretérito (Simple Past)?

A

Root + Preterite Endings. Example: hablar → yo hablé, tú hablaste, él habló. Regular endings: -AR (-é, -aste, -ó, -amos, -asteis, -aron) / -ER & -IR (-í, -iste, -ió, -imos, -isteis, -ieron).

52
Q

What is the grammatical structure of the Imperfecto (Imperfect)?

A

Root + Imperfect Endings.
Example: hablar → yo hablaba, tú hablabas, él hablaba. Regular endings:
-AR (-aba, -abas, -aba, -ábamos, -abais, -aban)
-ER & -IR (-ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían).

53
Q

What is the grammatical structure of the Pretérito Perfecto (Present Perfect)?

A

Present tense of “haber” + past participle. Example: hablar → yo he hablado, tú has hablado, él ha hablado. Haber conjugation: he, has, ha, hemos, habéis, han.

54
Q

What is the grammatical structure of the Pluscuamperfecto (Past Perfect)?.

A

Imperfect tense of “haber” + past participle
Example: hablar → yo había hablado, tú habías hablado, él había hablado. Haber conjugation: había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían.