Sem. 2 Study Guide Flashcards
Why do all organisms need food?
Organisms get the energy they need from food.
Identify some examples of food molecules cells use for energy.
Fats, proteins, & carbohydrates.
Explain why cellular respiration is a gradual/controlled process.
Cells gradually break down food and capture bits of chemical energy of key steps enabling cells to use energy stored in the bonds of food, like glucose, to produce compounds like ATP that will power cellular activity.
What does cellular respiration require (reactants) and what is the result (product)?
Cellular respiration requires O2 (oxygen) and C6H1206 (glucose). Cellular respiration produces 602 (carbon dioxide) and 6H20 (water) which makes energy.
When a cell’s demand for energy increases, what else is needed
The need for oxygen increases.
How does the aerobic process impact cellular respiration?
During aerobic cellular respiration, glucose reacts with oxygen, forming ATP that can be used by the cell. Carbon dioxide and water are created as byproducts.
Are there any stages that are anaerobic?
Glycolysis is anaerobic. The Krebs Cycle and The Electron Transport Chain are aerobic.
Describe how photosynthesis complements cellular respiration.
Cellular Respiration withdraws energy and deposits C02 (carbon dioxide). Plants, animals, fungi, humans, protist, and most bacteria use this pathway to release energy. Photosynthesis withdraws C02 (carbon dioxide) and deposits energy. Plants algae, and some bacteria use this pathway to capture energy.
What are the 3 products of glycolysis?
2 ATP, NADH, and 2 pyruvate molecules.
What is the Krebs Cycle also referred to as?
The Citric Acid Cycle.
Explain what occurs to the pyruvic acid during the Krebs Cycle.
2 molecules of pyruvic acid produced enter the matrix of the mitochondrial to turn into/is broken down into C02 and NADH and FADH2 & produce ATP. *NADH & FADH have high energy electrons.
Detail what takes place to the highly-energized electrons once they enter the Electron Transport Chain.
They pass down the electron transport chain, their energy is used to transport hydrogen ions and oxygen to form water.
How do H+ ions impact ATP synthesis? What is its significance?
As H+ ions start superscript, plus, end superscript ions flow down their gradient and back into the matrix, they pass through an enzyme called ATP synthase, which harnesses the flow of protons to synthesize ATP.
What is the result of cellular respiration for one molecule of glucose?
36 ATP
Are glucose molecules the only source of chemical energy?
No, glucose is not the only energy source for cells. There are some molecules other than glucose that are involved in energy production. These include: Lactic acid.
Explain what happens to NAD+ when oxygen is not available in glycolysis.
If 02 is not available, the electron transport chain doesn’t run and the cell cannot produce ATP because NADH is not produced, so high energy electons cannot be deposited to produce ATP.
Contrast between alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation.
The byproduct of Alcoholic Fermentation is
Alcohol, CO2, and NAD+. The byproduct of Lactic Acid Fermentation is lactic acid and NAD+. Alcoholic Fermentation is utilized by yeast and other organisms. Lactic Acid Fermentation is utilized by bacteria and humans. Alcoholic Fermentation is used to produce alcohol & CO2. Lactic Acid Fermentation that is utilized by bacteria is used to produce cheese, yogurt, and sour cream. Lactic Acid Fermentation that is utilized by humans is used to produce the rapid burst of muscle movement.
Elaborate on Glycolysis.
Takes place in the cytoplasm. Gluco is captured and ATP is produced. 2 ATP required start the process. 2 ATP are produced. Glycolysis removes 4 electrons & passes them to NAD+ forming NADH which is high energy electrons. A the confusion of glycolysis, the glucose (the 6 carbon compound) is broke and rearranged to fo 2 molecules of pyruvic acid (C3HM4O3).
Elaborate on the Karen’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle).
Takes place in the Matrix (crystae) Pyruvic acid is used to generate more ATP. 2 molecules of pyruvic acid produced enter the matrix o the mitochondrial to turn into/is broken down into CO2 and NADH and FADH2 & produce ATP. The Krebs Cycle is also known as the Citric Acid Cycle. Acetyl coenzyme A is cycling in Krebs.
Elaborate on the Electron Transport Chain.
Takes place in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Requires more reactants from glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle to produce the bulk of energy. Highly charged electrons will transport hydrogen ions (H+) across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion making the intermembrane positively charged.
What is NAD+?
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, it is important coenzyme for redox reactions.
What is adenosine triphosphate?
One of the most important compounds that cells use to store and release energy.
What is a heterotroph?
Most of them acquire energy from other organisms. They are consumer organisms that rely on other organisms for energy and nutrients.
What is an autotroph?
They use chemical energy (solar) to produce “food” by assembling inorganic compounds into complex organic molecules. They are primary producers, so they store energy for other organisms.
What are NADH?
High energy electrons.
What is ATP synthase?
The ATP synthase is a mitochondrial enzyme localized in the inner membrane, where it catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate, driven by a flux of protons across a gradient generated by electron transfer from the proton chemically positive to the negative side.
What factors/conditions impact an organism’s environment?
Biotic Factors - Biological influences on organisms. Example: Tadpole eats algae, bullfrog eats insects, horn eats bullfrogs —> competition between species for frog. Abiotic Factors - Physical components of an ecosystem. Example: Water availability will a ect the bullfrog.
What do all organisms rely upon? In what source(s) can this be found? What is the ultimate source?
All organisms rely on energy. Sunlight is the main source of energy.
Di erentiate between autotrophs and heterotrophs.
Autotrophs use chemical energy (solar) to produce “food” by assembling inorganic compounds into complex organic molecules. They are primary producers because they store energy for other organisms. Most Heterotrophs acquire energy from other organisms. They are consumers that rely on other organisms for energy and nutrients.
Explain how energy flows through an ecosystem.
Energy in an ecosystem always flows from primary producers to various consumers.
State and understand the interaction between di erent organisms within a food chain.
A food chain is a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating based on being eaten.
What is a Carnivore?
Kill and eat other animals; catching and killing prey requires lots of energy, but meat has lots of nutrients and energy and is easy to digest.
What is an herbivore?
Get energy from eating plant leaves, roots, seeds, or fruits. Common herbivores include cows, caterpillars, and deer.
What is a Decomposer?
(Like bacteria and fungi) They “feed” by chemically breaking down organic matter. They decay caused by these consumers is a part of the process that produced detritus—small pieces of dead and decaying plant and animal remains.
What is an Omnivore?
Animals whose diets naturally include a variety of di erent foods including both plants and animals.
What is a Scavenger?
Animals that consume the carcasses of other animals that have been killed by predators or have died of other causes.
What is a Detritivore?
Feed on detritus particles, chewing or grinding then into even smaller pieces. Examples are miles, snails, shrimp, and crabs. They commonly digest decomposers that live on, and in, detritus particles.
Describe the role decomposers play within an ecosystem.
They convert dead material to “detritus,” which is going to be eaten by detritivores recycling nutrients in the food web. They are consumers.
Explain the concept of interdependence and how di erent species impact each other.
Interdependence is the dependence two or more organisms have on each other.
How does Matter Flow Through An Ecosystem?
Through a series of food chains, food webs, and nutrients cycles.
How does Energy Flow Through an Ecosystem?
in an ecosystem always flows from primary producers to various consumers.
What are the 3 chemical substances needed to sustain life?
Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
What is Climate?
The average conditions of an area over a long period of time.
What is weather?
The current conditions of an area.
What are the 3 factors that impact climate?
Solar energy trapped in the biosphere, latitude -
received direct energy, transport of head by the wind and ocean currents.
How does the greenhouse effect impact the earth and its overall impact on climate.
Climate is affected by the proximity towards the equator. The solar energy is spread out over the poles, and more focused over the equator.
Explain why sunlight is, or is not, equally distributed across the earth’s atmosphere.
These gases function like glass in. a greenhouse, allowing visible light to enter but trapping heat. This phenomenon is called the greenhouse e ect. If greenhouse gas concentrations rise, they trap more heat, so Earth warms. if their concentrations fall, more heat escapes, and Earth cools.
What is a niche?
The range of physical and biological conditions in which a species lives and the way the species obtains what it needs to survive and reproduce.
What is a habitat?
Just where an organism lives. An organism’s habitat is determined by its tolerance for environmental conditions.
What is the result of competition between different species?
There’s a winner and a loser. The less competitive species doesn’t survive because no 2 species can occupy exactly the same niche in exactly the same habitat at exactly the same time.
How can predation dramatically alter a community?
It can a ect the size of pre y in populations in a community and determine the places they live and feed.
What is Mutualism?
A relationship in which both species benefit.
What is Parasitism?
A relationship in which one organism lives inside or on another organism and harms it.
What is Commensalism?
A relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.
What is Ecological Succession?
A series of more-or-less predicable changes that occur in a community over time. Ecosystems change over time, explicitly after disturbances, as some species die out and new species move in.
