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honors bio > Chapter 9 Study Guide > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Study Guide Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why do organisms need food? Which food molecules are used by cells for energy?

A

Organisms get their energy they need from food. From fats, proteins, & carbohydrates.

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2
Q

When acquiring energy sources, what is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs?

A

Autotrophs store chemical energy in carbohydrate food molecules that they build themselves. Most autotrophs make their “food” through photosynthesis using the energy from the sun. Heterotrophs cannot make their own food, so they must eat or absorb it.

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3
Q

What are the reactants/components required for Glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

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4
Q

What are the products/resulting components in Glycolysis?

A

2 Molecules of a 3-carbon molecule called pyruvic acid and 2 ATP molecules

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5
Q

What is the pathway/process of Glycolysis?

A

Glycolysis removed 4 electrons and passes them to NAD+ forming NADH, which is high energy electrons. At the conclusion of glycolysis, the glucose is broke and rearranged to more.

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6
Q

What is the net amount of ATP molecules produced in Glycolysis?

A

36 molecules

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7
Q

Where does Glycolysis take place?

A

cytoplasm

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8
Q

Is Glycolysis aerobic or anearobic?

A

aerobic

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9
Q

What are the reactants/components of the Krebs Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle?

A

2 molecules of pyruvic acid

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10
Q

What is the definition of the Krebs Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle?

A

the sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy

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11
Q

What is the explanation of the pathway of the Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle?

A

2 molecules of pyruvic acid produced during enter the matrix of the mitochondrion to turn into/is broken down into C02 and NADH and FSDH2 & produce ATP. *NADH & FADH - have high E e- (high energy electrons)

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12
Q

Where does the Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle take place?

A

the Matrix (cristae)

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13
Q

Which cellular respiration stage produces the most energy?

A

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

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14
Q

Is the Krebs Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle aerobic or anaerobic?

A

aerobic

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15
Q

What is the order of the stages of cellular respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle
  3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
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16
Q

What are the reactants/components required for the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?

A

the high energy electrons (NADH and FADH2)

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17
Q

What is the explanation of the pathway/process of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?

A
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18
Q

What is the net ATP molecules produced in Cellular respiration from 1 molecule of glucose?

A

36 molecules

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19
Q

Where does the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) take place?

A

inner membrane of the mitochondria

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20
Q

Is the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) aerobic or anaerobic?

A

aerobic

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21
Q

What are the reactants/components required for Fermentation?

A

Alcoholic Fermentation: alcohol, CO2, and NAD+
Lactic Acid Fermentation: lactic acid and NAD+

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22
Q

What is the definition of fermentation?

A
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23
Q

What is the explanation of the pathway of Fermentation?

A
24
Q

Where in the cell does fermentation take place?

A

cytoplasm

25
Q

Is fermentation aerobic or anaerobic?

A

anaerobic

26
Q

What happens in Chemiosmosis?

A

With the inner membrane space positively charged, the matrix becomes negatively charged, the charged differences forced ATP through ATP synthase.

27
Q

What compounds are involved in the Chemiosmosis pathway?

A

ATP

28
Q

What is produced/given off in Chemiosmosis?

A

ATP is made

29
Q

What is the ultimate result of Chemiosmosis?

A
30
Q

What is the pathway/process involved in Chemiosmosis?

A
31
Q

Where in the mitochondrion does Chemiosmosis take place?

A

cytoplasm

32
Q

What impacts does Chemiosmosis have on H+ (hydrogen ions)?

A
33
Q

How does photosynthesis compliment cellular respiration?

A

withdraws energy and deposits carbon dioxide. Photosynthesis withdraws carbon dixocide and deposits energy.

34
Q

What is the function of NAD+?

A
35
Q

What is the function of NADH?

A
36
Q

What happens to pyruvic acid during the Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle?

A

The molecules under the matrix of the mitochondrial and are broken down into CO2 and NADH and FADH2 & produce ATP.

37
Q

In the Krebs Cycle, in what form are carbon molecules giving off?

A

As 3-carbon molecules called pyruvic acid

38
Q

What happens to the products of the Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle?

A
39
Q

In the Electron Transport Chain (ETC), how do the H+ (hydrogen ions) impact ATP synthase? What is its significance?

A

the charge differences forced ATP through thre ATP syntax se => spins and with each spin grabs ADP and attached the phosphate group to make ATP

40
Q

What happens to NAD+ when oxygen is not available in Glycolysis?

A

If oxygen is not avaliabe, the ETC doesn’t run and the cell cannot produce ATP because NADH is not produced. So high energy electrons cannot be deposited to produce ATP.

41
Q

What is different about fermentation compared to cellular respiration?

A
42
Q

What is similar and different about alcoholic acid and lactic acid fermentation?

A

alcoholic acid fermentation - byproducts: alcohol, CO2, NAD+. Is utilized by yeast and other organisms. It is used to produce alcohol & CO2
lactic acid fermentation - byproducts: lactic acid, NAD+. Is utilized by bacteria (cheese yogurt, sour cream) and humans (rapid burst of muscle movement

43
Q

What does C6H12O6 stand for?

A

glucose

44
Q

What does C3H4O3 stand for?

A

pyruvic acid

45
Q

What does CO2 stand for?

A

carbon dioxide

46
Q

What does H20 stand for?

A

water

47
Q

What does H+ stand for?

A

hydrogen ion

48
Q

What does NAD+ stand for?

A

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, its an important coenzyme for redox reactions

49
Q

What does NADH stand for?

A
50
Q

What does FADH2 stand for?

A
51
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A
52
Q

What does ADP stand for?

A
53
Q

What is the definition of Glycolysis?

A

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.

54
Q

What does FAD stand for?

A

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide; a cofactor for cytochrome reductase

55
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A
56
Q

What does ADP stand for?

A

honors bio (9 decks)

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