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ap psych > sem 1 final review > Flashcards

sem 1 final review Flashcards

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1
Q

the goals of psychology

A

describe, predict, explain, and control/influence

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2
Q

edward b. titchner

A

structuralism and introspection

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3
Q

william james

A

functionalism

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4
Q

cognitive perspective

A

mental processes influence behavior and vary from person to person

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5
Q

cross-cultural perspective

A

diversity of behavior in different cultural settings (individualistic vs. collectivistic)

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6
Q

evolutionary perspective

A

psychological processes help adapt to the environment

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7
Q

empirical evidence

A

data acquired through observation or experimentation

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8
Q

descriptive research

A

observe and describe behaviors

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9
Q

random assignment

A

all participants have the same chance of being in the experimental group

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10
Q

3 basic types of neurons

A

sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons

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11
Q

actional potential

A

electrical impulse along exon, resting potential neuron is polarized -> passes stimulus threshold -> depolarizes (sodium in, potassium out)

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12
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord, protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid

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13
Q

phrenology

A

increased interest in cortical localization

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14
Q

functional plasticity

A

shift functions from damaged to undamaged brain areas

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15
Q

structural plasticity

A

physically change structure due to learning or environmental stimulus

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16
Q

medulla

A

control vital autonomic functions, damage is fatal

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17
Q

hypothalamus

A

regulates hunger

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18
Q

grey matter

A

glial cells, neuron soma, unmyelinated axons

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19
Q

brocas area

A

lower left frontal lobe, crucial in speech production

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20
Q

wernikes area

A

left temporal lobe, crucial in comprehending written and spoken communication

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21
Q

sensation

A

basic sensory experience of environmental stimulus

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22
Q

perception

A

meaningfully integrate, organize, and interpret sensory data

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23
Q

vision

A

cornea -> pupil (iris) -> lens -> retina -> optic nerve

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24
Q

rods

A

thin, long, blunt, 125 million, black and white (dark) vision

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25
Q

cones

A

short, fat, tapered, color vision, concentrated in the fovea (retinas center)

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26
Q

audition

A

outer (collect sound) -> middle ear (amplify sound) -> inner ear (transform sound)

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27
Q

sensory adaptation

A

gradual decline in sensitivity to a constant stimulus

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28
Q

gustation

A

saliva dissolves chemical substances -> activate taste buds

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29
Q

gate-control theory of pain

A

brain regulates pain by sending signals to spinal cord to close or open gates (pathways) to reduce or intensify pain based on the perception of that pain

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30
Q

kinesthetic sense

A

sense of location and position of body parts in relation to eachother

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31
Q

vestibular sense

A

sense of balance from semicircular ear canals

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32
Q

gestalt psychology

A

we perceive whole objects (figures or gestalts) instead of isolated pieces

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33
Q

figure-ground relationship

A

we automatically separate figure (main object) from ground (background)

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34
Q

myller-lyer illusion

A

lines at corners appear longer or shorter because of size constancy

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35
Q

monocular cues

A

require only 1 eye

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36
Q

relative size

A

if 2 objects are assumed to be similar sizes, the larger one is closer

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37
Q

overlap

A

an object that is blocked by another object is perceived as being farther away

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38
Q

aerial perspective

A

faraway objects appear slightly blurred by the atmosphere

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39
Q

texture gradient

A

the details of surfaces that extend in the distance becomes less clearly defined

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40
Q

linear perspective

A

parallel lines meet in the distance, the closer parallel lines are the farther away they seem

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41
Q

perceptual cues

A

distance or depth perception that require information from both eyes

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42
Q

convergence

A

degree to which muscles rotate your eyes to focus on an object

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43
Q

binocular disparity

A

when the images on both retinas are very different, the object is interpreted to be close

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44
Q

attention

A

the capacity to selectively focus your senses and awareness on a particular stimulus

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45
Q

3 characteristics of attention

A

limited capacity, selective, blind

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46
Q

limited capacity

A

the ability to focus your attention on only the information that is most relevant to your goals

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47
Q

selective

A

the ability to focus on certain things and ignore others (eg cocktail party effect)

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48
Q

blind

A

we miss obvious stimuli in our field of vision or hearing

49
Q

NREM1

A

theta waves, sensations disengaged, consciousness can be regained quickly

50
Q

NREM2

A

sleep spindles and k complexes, delta waves

51
Q

NREM 3 and 4

A

delta waves, heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing drop to lowest levels

52
Q

sigmund freuds beliefs of dreams

A

manifest content (actual dream images) and latent content (disguised meaning of the dream), fulfillment of repressed wishes

53
Q

new activation-synthesis model of dreaming

A

dreams are the subjective awareness of the brains internally generated sleep signals

54
Q

neurocognitive model of dreaming

A

there is continuity between waking and dreaming cognition, reflect interest, personalities, and worries

55
Q

dyssomnia

A

disruptions in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep

56
Q

parasomnia

A

undesirable physical arousal, behaviors, or events during sleep

57
Q

neodissociation theory of hypnosis

A

hypnotized people experience dissocation of consciousness into one conscious stream and one dissociated stream (hidden observor)

58
Q

diminishing rewards

A

dopamine receptors go down as a result of drug tolerances

59
Q

conditioning

A

learning associations between the environment and behavior

60
Q

robert rescorla

A

shocked rats (1 group all the time another group some of the time), showed that conditioned stimulus must be a reliable signal that predicts the unconditioned stimulus’ presence

61
Q

edward thorndikes law of effect

A

responses that bring satisfaction become strengthened and responses that bring unpleasantry will be weakened

62
Q

partial reinforcement

A

behaviors are more resistant to extinction than continuously reinforced behaviors

63
Q

ec tolamn

A

cognitive processes are important to learning behaviors

64
Q

cognitive map

A

mental representatin of a layout built through experience

65
Q

martin seligman

A

classically conditioned dogs to associate a tone with fear then used a shuttle body so dogs could learn to avoid a shock

66
Q

learned helplessness

A

exposure to inescapable aversive events creates passive behavior

67
Q

albert bandura

A

expectation of reinforcement effects performance and observational learning

68
Q

stage model of memory

A

sensory, short-term, long-term

69
Q

alan baddley’s model of working memory

A

phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, central executive

70
Q

tip of the tongue experience

A

the inability to get information you’re sure is stored in your memory

71
Q

context effect

A

the tendency to remember information more easily in the same setting as the original learning environment

72
Q

mood congruence

A

a given mood tends to evoke memories that are consistent with that mood

73
Q

context effect

A

the tendency to remember information while in the same phsyiological biological learning conditions

74
Q

encoding failure

A

information was never encoded into long-term memory in the first place

75
Q

absentmindedness

A

when attention is divided, encoded memories are less detailed

76
Q

retrieval cue failure

A

the inability to recall a memory due to inadequate retrival cues

77
Q

retroactive interference

A

a new memory interferes with remembering an old memory

78
Q

proactive interference

A

an old memory interferes with remembering a new memory

79
Q

suppression

A

the deliberate, conscious effort to forget informaiton

80
Q

repression

A

when motivated forgetting occurs unconsciously

81
Q

source confusion

A

when the source of amemory is forgotten or is attributed to the wrong source

82
Q

misinformaiton effect

A

information received after an event can change the memory of that event

83
Q

lashley and thompsons findings

A

simple memories are localized, complex memories are distributed

84
Q

aplysia studies

A

both neuron function and structure change during conditioning

85
Q

thinking

A

manipulating mental representations of informaiton to draw inferences and conclusions

86
Q

problem-solving

A

thinking and behavior directed towards obtaining a not readily available goal

87
Q

heuristic

A

a general rule-of-thumb strategy that only might work, reduces the number of possible solutions

88
Q

insight

A

a solution arrived in a sudden realization

89
Q

intuition

A

coming to a conclusion without conscious awareness of the thought process involved

90
Q

functional fixedness

A

only view an object as functioning in the usual way

91
Q

mental set

A

tendency to persist in solving problems with solutions that worked in the past

92
Q

confirmation bias

A

search for information that conigmrs a belief

93
Q

intelligence quotient (IQ)

A

a measure of general intelligence derived by comparing an individuals score with the scores of others in the same age group

94
Q

mental age

A

a measure of general intelligence in which an individuals mental level is expressed in terms of the average abilities of a given age group

95
Q

3 requirements of a scientifically accepted test

A

standardization, reliability, validity

96
Q

standardization

A

test is given to a large number of subjects of a particular group, standards follow normal distribution

97
Q

reliability

A

consistently produce similar socres on different occassions

98
Q

validity

A

test meausres what its supposed to

99
Q

Howard Gardner

A

different mental abilities are biologically distinct and controlled by different brain regions, mental abilities are independent of eachother

100
Q

successful intelligence

A

analytic, creative, practical

101
Q

analytic intelligence

A

mental processes learn to solve problems

102
Q

creative intelligence

A

ability to deal with new situations by drawing exissting skills

103
Q

practical intelligence

A

the ability to adapt to the environment

104
Q

3 characteristics of motivation

A

activation, persistence, intensity

105
Q

instinct theories

A

people are motivated to engage in certain behaviors because of evolutionary programming

106
Q

drive theories

A

behavior is motivated by the desire to decrease internal tensions caused by unmet biological needs

107
Q

incentive theories

A

behavior is motivated by the pull of external goals

108
Q

arousal theory

A

people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal

109
Q

humanistic theories

A

people are innately motivated to realize their highest personal potential

110
Q

ghrelin

A

strongly stimulates appetite

111
Q

cholecystokinin

A

triggers satiation (fullness)

112
Q

leptin

A

decreases food intake

113
Q

insulin

A

promotes glucose absorbtion by cells

114
Q

neuropeptide Y

A

triggers eating behaviors

115
Q

normal BMI

A

18-25

116
Q

overweight BMI

A

25-29.9

117
Q

obese BMI

A

over 30

118
Q

maslows hierarchy of needs

A

people are motivated to satisfy the levels needs before moving on, physioogical -> safety -> love -> esteem -> self-actualization

119
Q

emotional intelligence

A

ability to manage your own emotions, comprehend others emotional responses, respond appropriately to others emotions

ap psych (8 decks)

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