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ap psych > ch. 3 - sensation and perception > Flashcards

ch. 3 - sensation and perception Flashcards

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1
Q

sensation

A

the detection or basic sensory experience of environmental stimuli

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2
Q

perception

A

meaningful organization or interpretation of sensory information

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3
Q

sensation

A

the result of stimulation of the sensory receptors by forms of energy

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4
Q

transduction

A

the process of sensory receptors convert physical energy into electrical impulses transmitted via neurons

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5
Q

stimulus threshold

A

the strength of a stimulus needs to be detected and activate sensory receptor cells

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6
Q

absolute threshold

A

the smallest possible strength of a stimulus that can be detected half the time

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7
Q

difference threshold

A

the smallest possible difference between 2 stimuli that can be detected half the time

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8
Q

just noticeable difference

A

another name for the difference threshold

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9
Q

Webers Law

A

a theory which states that the ability to detect a change in stimulus strength depends on the intensity of the original stimulus

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10
Q

sensory adaptation

A

the gradual decline in sensitivity to a constant stimulus

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11
Q

subliminal perception

A

the detection of stimuli below conscious perception or the awareness threshold

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12
Q

mere exposure effect

A

repeated exposure to a stimulus increases liking towards that stimulus

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13
Q

electromagnetic energy

A

the energy of vision perception, light waves which vary in wavelength

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14
Q

cornea

A

clear membrane which covers the front of the eye, helps to direct and gather incoming light

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15
Q

pupil

A

the black opening in the eyes center

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16
Q

iris

A

the ring of muscular tissue which contracts and expands to control the amount of light entering the eye

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17
Q

lens

A

thins or thickens in a process called accommodation to bend and focus incoming light to fall on the retina

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18
Q

myopia

A

light focuses in front of the retina (aka nearsightedness)

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19
Q

hyperopia

A

light focuses behind the retina (aka farsightedness)

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20
Q

presbyopia

A

development of a brittle and inflexible lense, a type of hyperopia

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21
Q

astigmatism

A

a curved eyeball leads to blurry vision

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22
Q

retina

A

the thin, light-sensitive membrane at the back of the eye, contains rods and cones

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23
Q

rod

A

the long, thin, and blunt photoreceptor in the peripheral areas of the retina, very light-sensitive and helps with night vision, reaches maximum light sensitivity in 30 minutes

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24
Q

cone

A

short, fat, and tapered photoreceptor near the center of the retina, sensitive to color and details which requires more light to function, reaches maximum light sensitivity in 5 minutes

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25
Q

fovea

A

the center of the retina, concentrated with cones

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26
Q

optic disk

A

an area of the retina with no rods or cones creates a blind spot in our vision

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27
Q

bipolar cells

A

specialized neurons which collect sensory information from rods and cones in its specified receptive field then funnels it to ganglion cells

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28
Q

ganglion cells

A

specialized neurons in the retina which does the preliminary processing of visual information before its sent to the brain, receives information from a few cones but hundreds of rods

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29
Q

visual acuity

A

the ability to see fine details, depends on cones (because there is too much rod information which has to be condensed when sent to the brain)

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30
Q

optic nerve

A

formed of the axons of ganglion cells, exits the back of the eye through the optic disk towards the brain

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31
Q

optic chiasm

A

point in the brain where the optic nerve of an eye splits into 2 fibers which continue on to the same or opposite side of the brain to the thalamus

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32
Q

hue

A

aka color, a characteristic of color that is the wavelength of its light

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33
Q

saturation

A

aka purity, a characteristic of color that is how many wavelengths it takes to produce that color

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34
Q

brightness

A

aka intensity, a characteristic of color that is the amplitude of its light wave, a high amplitude is perceived as a higher intensity

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35
Q

white light

A

the perception of all colors wavelengths reflected off an object

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36
Q

trichromatic theory of color

A

theory of color vision: cones are either red, blue, or green-sensitive and respond to their corresponding wavelengths

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37
Q

red-green color blindness

A

a condition caused by non-blue-sensitive cones to respond to both red and green wavelengths

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38
Q

afterimage

A

a visual experience that occurs after an original source of stimulation stops

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39
Q

opponent-process theory

A

theory of color vision, the 4 basic colors are divided into opposing pairs of color-sensitive neurons, the stimulation of one inhibits the other

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40
Q

audition

A

aka hearing, capability to respond to a wide range of sounds

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41
Q

sound waves

A

rhythmic vibration of air molecules, physical stimulus of audition

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42
Q

amplitude

A

aka loudness, measured in decibels

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43
Q

frequency

A

aka pitch, relative highness/lowness of a sound, measured in hertz

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44
Q

timbre

A

the distinctive quality of a sound from its combination of frequencies

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45
Q

pinna

A

apart of the outer ear, the skin or cartilage that catches and funnels soundwaves into the ear canal (aka auditory canal)

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46
Q

eardrum

A

apart of the outer ear, a tightly stretched membrane that vibrates at the same frequency of the soundwave

47
Q

hammer, anvil, and stirrup

A

the bones of the middle ear that successively double sound amplification and sends the vibration to the oval window (to the inner ear)

48
Q

conduction deafness

A

a condition caused by the damage or brittle of the hammer, anvil, and stirrup, can be treated with a hearing aid

49
Q

cochlea

A

spiral, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear which ripples in response to vibrations in the oval window

50
Q

basilar membrane

A

apart of the inner ear, membrane within the cochlea that responds to fluid ripples

51
Q

hair cells

A

apart of the inner ear, sound sensory receptors embedded within the basilar membrane converts soundwaves into neural impulses, stimulating the auditory nerve

52
Q

nerve deafness

A

a condition caused by damage to hair cells, cant be treated with a hearing aid (needs a cochlear implant)

53
Q

frequency theory

A

explains how low-frequency sounds are transmitted to the brain through the vibration of the basilar membrane at the same frequency as the sound wave

54
Q

volley principle

A

hair cells fire in sequences )volleys) so that the brain can get faster rates of information

55
Q

place theory

A

different frequencies cause different vibrations at different locations in the basilar membrane and excite different hair cells

56
Q

olfaction and gustation

A

the chemical senses

57
Q

olfactory receptor cells

A

specialized receptor cells in the nasal cavity, respond to molecules emitted by a smelly substance into the air, constantly replaced and only live 30-60 days

58
Q

olfactory nerve

A

passes along neural messages from stimulation from airborne molecules that activate specific combinations of receptors

59
Q

olfactory bulb

A

at the end of olfactory nerves, its axons form the olfactory tract which extends to all parts of the brain (eg temporal lobe and limbic system)

60
Q

gustation

A

aka taste, occurs when saliva dissolves chemical substances and activates receptor cells in taste buds

61
Q

sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami

A

the 5 basic tastes

62
Q

skin senses

A

the sense of the body’s physical status or its interactions with objects in the environment

63
Q

body senses

A

the sense of the body’s position and orientation in space

64
Q

skin

A

the largest and heaviest sense organ

65
Q

pacinian corpuscle

A

touch receptor, converts pressure stimulation into neural messages that are sent to the brain

66
Q

pain

A

unpleasant sensory or emotional experiences associated with potential tissue damage, causes a withdrawal reflex

67
Q

nociceptors

A

pain receptors, small sensory fibers called free nerve endings

68
Q

myelinated A-delta fibers

A

fast pain system, transmits sharp but short-lived pain of an immediate injury

69
Q

unmyelinated C-fibers

A

slow pain system, transmit long-lasting throbbing pain of an injury, decreases as a wound heals

70
Q

substance P

A

pain enhancer produced by C-fibers, stimulates free nerve endings at an injury site

71
Q

gate-control theory

A

theory of pain, the brain regulates pain by sending signals to the spinal cord to either close or open fates (pathways) to reduce or intensify pain

72
Q

endorphins and enkephalins

A

the body’s natural pain killers, inhibit the transmission of pain signals like substance P in the brain and spinal cord

73
Q

phantom limb pain

A

the experience of pain in an amputated limb

74
Q

sensitization

A

pain pathways become more responsive over time and can occur in the absense of sensory input (chronic pain), the opposite of sensory adaptation

75
Q

kinesthetic sense

A

the sense of the location and position of body parts in relation to eachother

76
Q

proprioceptors

A

specialized sensory neurons in muscles and joints, communication information to the brain about changes in the body’s position, communicated kinesthetic sense

77
Q

vestibular sense

A

the sense of balance, gravity, motion, and body position, sensed by fluid-filled semicircular canals and vestibular sacs in the ears

78
Q

perception

A

making sense of sensory data by organizing, interpreting, or relating it to existing knowledge

79
Q

bottom-up processing

A

aka data-driven processing,, puts together sensory data to build a full image, part -> whole

80
Q

top-down processing

A

aka conceptually driven processing, draws from knowledge and experience to make meaningful perceptions of sensory information, whole -> part

81
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

school of psychology, said that we perceie whole objects or figures (gestalts) instead of isolated pieces of sensory info

82
Q

extrasensory perception

A

the detection of information without perception, (eg telepathy, clairvoyange, psychokinesis, precognition), explained by coincidence and the fallacy of positive instances

83
Q

fallacy of positive instances

A

the tendency to remember coincidental events

84
Q

parapsychology

A

the scientific investigation of claims or paranormal phenomena

85
Q

figure-ground relationship

A

we automatically separate figures (main elements) from their grounds (backgrounds), because neurons that respond to the shapes of figures don’t respond to the same shape in the background

86
Q

figure-ground reversal

A

the perception of an image in 2 different ways, the vase-face illusion for example

87
Q

perceptual grouping

A

the way we actively organize elements to try to produce a stable perception that is a well-defind, whole object

88
Q

law of Pragnanz

A

aka law of simplicity, while several perceptual organizations of visual elements are possible, the ones that occurs makes the most stable shape

89
Q

depth perception

A

our ability to perceive the distance and 3D characteristics of an object

90
Q

monocular cues

A

distance or depth cues that can be processed using only 1 eye

91
Q

relative size

A

a monocular cue: if 2 objects are assumed to be of similar size, the one that appears larger is closer

92
Q

overlap

A

a monocular cue: a partially blocked object is farther away

93
Q

aerial perspective

A

a monocular cue: objects that are blurred by the atmosphere are farther away

94
Q

texture gradient

A

a monocular cue: the texture of a surface becomes less distinct the farther away it gets

95
Q

linear perspective

A

a monocular cue: the closer parallel lines are, the farther back they go

96
Q

motion parallax

A

a monocular cue: in motion, nearby objects zip away faster than distant objects that appear to move slower

97
Q

relative size, overlap, aerial perspective, texture gradient, linear perspective, motion parallax

A

the 6 monocular cues

98
Q

accommodation

A

the lens flattens or thickens as it focuses on distant or nearby objects, information from eye muscles contribute to perception

99
Q

binocular cues

A

distance or depth perception using information from both eyes

100
Q

convergence

A

the degree to which muscles rotate your eyes to focus on an object

101
Q

binocular disparity (aka retinal disparity)

A

when the retinal image of both eyes differ because an object is very close

102
Q

stereogram

A

an image that uses binocular disparity to create the perception of a 3D image

103
Q

speed perception

A

based on the estimated rate or enlargenment as an object comes towards us

104
Q

induced motion

A

we perceive that the smaller of 2 overlapping objects is moving even if the large one is moving, (top-down processing)

105
Q

stroboscopic motion

A

an illusion of apparent motion that occurs when a light briefly flashes an image at one location, followed by another light briefly flashing a similar image at a second location

106
Q

perceptual constancy

A

we perceive familiar objects as constant despite change in sensory input to promot a stable view of the world

107
Q

size constancy

A

the perception that an object stays the same size despite its changing image on the retina

108
Q

shape constancy

A

the perception that an object stays the same shape despite its changing image on the retina

109
Q

perceptual illusion

A

the misperception of true charactertistics of an object or image

110
Q

Muller Lyer Illusion

A

uses size constancy (the same retinal images but perceived distnace makes an object seem larger) to make lines that are the same length seem longer or smaller

111
Q

Moon Illusion

A

the moon appears larger at the horizon because there are many more visual cues that overlap the moon and make it seem farther away, the brain then uses size constancy to infer that farther away objects are larger

112
Q

perceptual set

A

the tendency to perceive objects or situations from a particular reference frame

113
Q

carpentered-world hypothesis

A

people living in industrial environments perceive lines more and therefore are more susceptible to the Muller-Lyer Illusion

ap psych (8 decks)

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