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ap psych > ch. 4 - consciousness > Flashcards

ch. 4 - consciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

consciousness

A

the immediate awareness of the internal (thoughts, sensations, memories) and the external world

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2
Q

William James

A

said that consciousness is an unbroken stream with a sense of continuity and self

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3
Q

attention

A

the capacity to selectively focus senses and awareness on a particular stimuli

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4
Q

attentions shortcomings

A

limited capacity, selectivity, blindness

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5
Q

inattention blindness

A

the tendency to not notice a significant object in our clear field of vision

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6
Q

inattention deafness

A

the tendency to not notice a significant sound

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7
Q

change blindness

A

the tendency to not notice a change in something

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8
Q

multi-tasking

A

paying attention to 2 or more stimuli at once, each stimuli gets less than normal attention

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9
Q

circadian rhythm

A

biological and psychological processes that vary over the course of the day (eg sleep-wake cycle)

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10
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

a cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus that governs the timing of the circadian rhythm

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11
Q

melatonin

A

sleepy hormone (manufactured by the pituitary gland) triggered by the suprachiasmatic nucleus at sunset

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12
Q

free-running cycle

A

the intrinsic circadian rhythm that occurs when the body has no environment cues (a bit longer than a day)

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13
Q

electroencephalograph

A

measures rhythmic electrical brain activity (brain waves)

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14
Q

electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

the graphic record produced by the electroencephalograph

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15
Q

REM sleep

A

(rapid-eye-movement sleep/active sleep) increase in body and brain activity, dreaming occurs

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16
Q

NREM sleep

A

(non-rapid-eye-movement sleep/quiet sleep) the body and brain slow down

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17
Q

beta brain waves

A

occur during wakefulness, alert

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18
Q

alpha brain waves

A

larger and slower than beta brain waves, drowsiness pre-sleep

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19
Q

hypnagogic hallucinations

A

brief, vivid sensory phenomena during the transition to light sleep, alpha brain waves are decreasing

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20
Q

sleep paralysis

A

muscle paralysis of REM sleep carries into the waking state

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21
Q

myoclonic jerk

A

involuntary muscle spams caused by hypnagogic hallucinations jolts the person awake

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22
Q

stage 1 NREM

A

(twilight state/threshold period), drowsy alpha brain waves are replaced w/ slow theta brain waves, consciousness can quickly be regained if needed

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23
Q

stage 2 NREM

A

(light sleep) characterized by sleep spindles (bursts of brain activity) and K complexes (high-voltage brain activity spikes), slow delta brain waves emerge

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24
Q

stages 3 and 4 NREM

A

(slow-wave sleep) delta brain waves become at least 20% then 50% of total brain activity, physiological processes slow

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25
Q

REM cycles

A

brain waves are small and active, dreaming occurs, muscle activity is suppressed to not act out dreams, physiological arousal (rapid-eye movement)

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26
Q

when do sleepers shift positions

A

before and after every REM sleep

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27
Q

sleeps purpose

A

strengthen and integrate new memories with existing memories

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28
Q

sleep deprivation

A

causes microsleeps during wakefulness and disrupts moods/skills

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29
Q

sleep restrictions

A

(type of sleep deprivation) less sleep than usual, decreases mental and motor skills, moods, metabolism

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30
Q

REM rebound

A

caused by REM deprivation, REM sleep becomes 50% of total sleep as the brain makes up for its missing sleep components

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31
Q

how much of the night is spent dreaming

A

25%

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32
Q

sleep thinking

A

(sleep mentation) vague, bland thoughts of real-life events during NREM sleep

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33
Q

dream

A

an unfolding sequence of perceptions, thoughts, and emotions experienced as real-life events, occur during REM sleep

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34
Q

nightmare

A

vivid, disturbing dreams that often wake sleepers due to fear, anxiety, or terror, common in childhood, more common in women than men

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35
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

said that dream imagery acted as a fulfillment of repressed wishes, they had the manifest content (dream images) and latent content (disguised meaning)

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36
Q

activation-synthesis model of dreaming

A

dreaming is caused by the brain synthesizing and integrating internally triggered memories, emotions, and sensations, the brainstem triggers higher regions (amygdala, hippocampus) to respond to internally generated signals

37
Q

neurocognitive model of dreaming

A

dreams reflect people interests, personalities, and worries, they mirror waking concerns and are similar to normal thought process

38
Q

lucid dreams

A

awareness and ability to control dreams

39
Q

sleep disorder

A

characterized by consistent abnormal sleep patterns, sleep disruptions that cause distress, and interference with daytime functioning

40
Q

dyssomnia

A

disruptions in the amount, quality, and timing of sleep

41
Q

parasomnia

A

undesirable physical arousal, behaviors, or events during sleep

42
Q

insomnia

A

dissatisfaction with sleep quality or duration

43
Q

onset insomnia

A

difficulty falling asleep

44
Q

maintenance insomnia

A

difficulty staying asleep

45
Q

obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)

A

narrowed airways cause frequent pauses in breathing, increasing blood-carbon dioxide concentration and causing momentary awakenings, disrupts sleep quality and quantity

46
Q

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

A

a device that increases through air pressure, keeping airways open and preventing obstructive sleep apnea

47
Q

narcolepsy

A

excessive, uncontrollable episodes of daytime sleep called sleep attacks or microsleeps

48
Q

cataplexy

A

a sudden loss of voluntary muscle control triggered by sudden intense emotions, the person is still aware

49
Q

parasomnia

A

sleep disorders characterized by undesirable physical arousal or behaviors during sleep with a lack of awareness, during stages 3 and 4 NREM

50
Q

sleep terrors

A

(night terrors) a sharp increase in physiological arousal (restlessness, sweating, heart rate) from a terrifying sensation (choking, crushing, falling), common in children and most grow out of them

51
Q

sleepwalking

A

(somnambulism) a sleeping person can engage in elaborate behavior, waking can make the person aggressive

52
Q

REM sleep behavior disorder

A

voluntary muscle movement is not shut down and dreams are physically acted out

53
Q

hypnosis

A

cooperative social interaction between a hypnotic participant and a hypnotists suggestions, changes perception, memory, thoughts, and behavior, a highly focused state of attention minimizes competing thoughts

54
Q

post-hypnotic suggestions

A

participants carry out suggestions after hypnosis

55
Q

post-hypnotic amnesia

A

a hypnotists suggestions can suppress specific memories

56
Q

Ernest R. Hilgard

A

believed that hypnotized people experienced dissociation and came up with the neodissociation theory of hypnosis

57
Q

dissociation

A

split consciousness into 2 or more simultaneous streams of mental activity

58
Q

neodissociation theory of hypnosis

A

during hypnosis, a conscious stream complies with the hypnotist’s suggestions while a dissociated stream (the “hidden observer”) processes not conscious information

59
Q

social-cognitive view of hypnosis

A

hypnotic subjects respond to the hypnotists “social demands” and act how they believe a good subject is supposed to act

60
Q

meditation

A

techniques that induce an altered state of focused attention and heightened awareness with the goal of controlling attention

61
Q

focused attention techniques

A

meditation techniques that focus all awareness on a single thing (like a mantra (a short, repeated word or phrase))

62
Q

open monitoring techniques

A

mediation techniques that closely monitor the content of an experience moment-to-moment (eg mindfulness)

63
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

chemical substances that can alter arousal, mood, thinking, sensation, and perceptions

64
Q

addiction

A

feeling psychologically and physically compelled to take a specific drug, alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine are the most abused and addicted

65
Q

physical dependence

A

the body and brain chemistry physically adapts to a dug

66
Q

drug tolerance

A

more and more of a drug is needed to gain the original effect, drug use decreases naturally produced dopamine (feel-good hormone)

67
Q

withdrawal symptoms

A

unpleasant physical reactions and intense cravings from a lack of a drug

68
Q

drug rebound effect

A

withdrawal symptoms seem to be the opposite of the drugs effects (eg caffeine withdrawal includes sleepiness)

69
Q

drug abuse

A

(substance use disorder) recurrent drug use and difficulty controlling use disrupts normal interpersonal functions, increasing cravings, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms

70
Q

depressants

A

inhibition of the central nervous system activity leads to drowsiness and anxiety relief

71
Q

alcohol

A

(depressant) produced an initial good feeling because it depresses the brain centers responsible for judgment and self-control, withdrawal includes rebound hyperexcitability (delirium tremens)

72
Q

inhalants

A

(depressants) inhaled chemical substances that alter consciousness (eg paint solvent, spray paint, aroesol sprays), depresses the central nervous system, toxic to organs

73
Q

barbiturates

A

(depressants) lower anxiety and promote sleep, depressed brain centers that control arousal, wakefulness, and alertness, withdrawal causes REM rebound nightmares, hallucinations, disorientation, etc.

74
Q

tranquilizers

A

(depressants) relieve anxiety and are similar to, but less powerful than, barbiturates

75
Q

opioids

A

(narcotics, opiates) relieve pain and produce senses of euphoria, mimic and occupy endorphin (painkillers) receptor sites, lowering pain perception

76
Q

heroin

A

(opioid) one of the most dangerous opioids, by injection, causes euphoria, content, peacefulness, withdrawal includes cravings, fevers, and chills

77
Q

oxycontin

A

the most commonly used opioid, very dangerous when mixed with alcohol and barbiturates

78
Q

stimulants

A

increase brain activity, wide variety of drugs

79
Q

caffeine

A

(stimulant) most widely used psychoactive drug, promotes wakefulness, alertness, and faster through processing, blocks adenosine (sleepiness hormone) release, withdrawal includes cravings, irritability, tremors, headaches, drowsiness, and fatigue

80
Q

nicotine

A

(stimulant) increases alertness, effects diminish in 1-2 hours, withdrawal includes craving, irritability, tremors, headaches, “brain fog”, etc.

81
Q

amphetamines

A

(stimulant) (speed/uppers) suppress appetite, fast tolerance, highs always followed by “crashing”, withdrawal includes fatigue, deep sleep, depression, and an increased appetite

82
Q

cocaine

A

(stimulant) causes intense euphoria, alertness, and confidence, blocks dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine reuptake which potentiates (increases) the effects of the neurotransmitters

83
Q

stimulant-induced psychosis

A

schizophrenic-like symptoms like auditory hallucinations and paranoia, the psychotic person becomes very aggressive

84
Q

methamphetamine

A

(stimulant) highly addictive, leads to brain damage, tissue loss, and a decrease in the number of dopamine receptors

85
Q

psychedelic drug

A

causes perceptual distortion and altered moods and thinking (eg psilocybin (shrooms), LSD, marijuana), stimulates serotonin receptors, no significant physical dependence or withdrawal effects

86
Q

marijuana

A

(psychedelic) produces a sense of well-being, relaxation, and focused and vivid sensations, interferes with muscle coordination and memory

87
Q

designer club drugs

A

collection of psychoactive drugs synthesized in labs

88
Q

ecstacy (MDMA)

A

acts as a stimulant and low does and a psychedelic at high doses, produces a sense of euphoria and well-being, side effects include: dehydration, rapid heart beat, tremors, hyperthermia, and depression

89
Q

dissociative anesthetics (PCP, angel dust, ketamines)

A

(designer club drug) induces dissociation and depersonalization, affects levels of glutamate and stimulates dopamine release, highly addictive

ap psych (8 decks)

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