ch. 5 - learning Flashcards
learning
the process that produces enduring changes in behavior/knowledge as a result of an experience
conditioning
learning associations between environment and behaviors
Ivan Pavlov
dog salivation experiments, studied classical conditioning
reflex
involuntary, automatic responses to external stimulus
classical conditioning
(pavlonian conditioning) behaviors elicited automatically by a stimulus, learning an association between 2 stimuli
unconditioned stimulus
(UCS) natural stimulus that reflexively produces a response without prior learning
unconditioned response
(UCR) an unlearned, reflexive response
conditioned stimulus
(CS) an originally neutral stimulus that elicits a reflexive response
conditioned response
(CR) a learned reflexive response from a previously neutral stimulus
stimulus generalization
stimuli that are similar (but have never been paired with the UCS) to the CS also elicit the CR
stimulus discrimination
CR is made to one stimulus but not to another similar stimulus
higher-order conditioning
CS functions as a UCS in a new conditioning trial
extinction
a decline in the CR when the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance of a previously extinguished CS after a period of rest
John B. Watson
thought that it was wrong to study subjective mental processes and should only study behavior (objective), founded behaviorism, later pioneered sex appeal in advertising
behaviorism
all human behavior is from conditioning/learning (from past experiences and environmental influence)
3 natural unconditioned emotion-reflexes
fear, rage, love
Rosalie Rayner
Watson student and assistant in the Little Albert experiments
Little Albert
develop a fear of furry animals in Little Albert by association with a loud clanging noise
sexual turn-ons
sexual responses can inadvertently become classically conditioned (like the smell of a partners cologne)
placebo response
a psychological/physiological reaction to a fake drug
Robert Rescorles
said that classical conditioning was more than a simple learned association between 2 stimuli, the conditioned stimulus must be a reliable signal that predicts the presence of the unconditioned response (tested rats and tones)
taste aversion
exception to general principles of classical conditioning, a classically conditioned dislike for food after becoming ill from the food, violates classical conditioning because learning occurs after 1 pairing and the UCR occurs hours after the presence of the neutral stimulus
John Garcia
produced taste aversions in rats in controlled lab conditions, discovered that rats are more likely to associate a painful stimulus with external stimuli and a taste stimulus with internal stimuli