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ap psych > ch. 5 - learning > Flashcards

ch. 5 - learning Flashcards

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1
Q

learning

A

the process that produces enduring changes in behavior/knowledge as a result of an experience

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2
Q

conditioning

A

learning associations between environment and behaviors

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3
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

dog salivation experiments, studied classical conditioning

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4
Q

reflex

A

involuntary, automatic responses to external stimulus

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5
Q

classical conditioning

A

(pavlonian conditioning) behaviors elicited automatically by a stimulus, learning an association between 2 stimuli

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6
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

(UCS) natural stimulus that reflexively produces a response without prior learning

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7
Q

unconditioned response

A

(UCR) an unlearned, reflexive response

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8
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

(CS) an originally neutral stimulus that elicits a reflexive response

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9
Q

conditioned response

A

(CR) a learned reflexive response from a previously neutral stimulus

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10
Q

stimulus generalization

A

stimuli that are similar (but have never been paired with the UCS) to the CS also elicit the CR

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11
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

CR is made to one stimulus but not to another similar stimulus

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12
Q

higher-order conditioning

A

CS functions as a UCS in a new conditioning trial

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13
Q

extinction

A

a decline in the CR when the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS

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14
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

the reappearance of a previously extinguished CS after a period of rest

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15
Q

John B. Watson

A

thought that it was wrong to study subjective mental processes and should only study behavior (objective), founded behaviorism, later pioneered sex appeal in advertising

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16
Q

behaviorism

A

all human behavior is from conditioning/learning (from past experiences and environmental influence)

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17
Q

3 natural unconditioned emotion-reflexes

A

fear, rage, love

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18
Q

Rosalie Rayner

A

Watson student and assistant in the Little Albert experiments

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19
Q

Little Albert

A

develop a fear of furry animals in Little Albert by association with a loud clanging noise

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20
Q

sexual turn-ons

A

sexual responses can inadvertently become classically conditioned (like the smell of a partners cologne)

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21
Q

placebo response

A

a psychological/physiological reaction to a fake drug

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22
Q

Robert Rescorles

A

said that classical conditioning was more than a simple learned association between 2 stimuli, the conditioned stimulus must be a reliable signal that predicts the presence of the unconditioned response (tested rats and tones)

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23
Q

taste aversion

A

exception to general principles of classical conditioning, a classically conditioned dislike for food after becoming ill from the food, violates classical conditioning because learning occurs after 1 pairing and the UCR occurs hours after the presence of the neutral stimulus

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24
Q

John Garcia

A

produced taste aversions in rats in controlled lab conditions, discovered that rats are more likely to associate a painful stimulus with external stimuli and a taste stimulus with internal stimuli

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25
Q

biological preparedness

A

organisms are predisposed to associate certain stimuli with certain responses, an association not biologically prepared occurs with great difficulty, taste aversions are very biologically prepared

26
Q

phobia

A

an extreme, irrational fear of a specific object/situation, Martin Seligman saw that phobias were selective (not all traumatic events become phobias), humans are more likely to fear ancient threats to their evolutionary ancestors (fear module)

27
Q

Edward L. Thorndike

A

investigated animal learning of voluntary behaviors based on their consequences, tested that cats used trial and error to escape a puzzle box (not human reasoning)

28
Q

law of effect

A

reponses that lead to satisfaction become strengthened while responses that lead to unpleasantries become weakened (less likely to occur again)

29
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

behaviorist, searched for a lawful process to explain the order in behavior (classically conditioning is limited to reflexive behaviors)

30
Q

operant

A

an active behavior that operates on the environment to generate a consequence

31
Q

operant conditioning

A

changing the probability that a response will repeat by manipulating the consequences

32
Q

reinforcement

A

a stimulus/event that occurs after the operant and increases the likelihood that the operant will repeat

33
Q

positive reinforcement

A

a reinforcing stimulus is added after the operant (something is added), what constitutes a reinforcing stimulus differs from person to person

34
Q

negative reinforcement

A

the operant if followed by the removal or avoidance of an aversive stimulus (something is subtracted)

35
Q

primary reinforcer

A

is naturally reinforcing (food, water, warmth, sex, etc.)

36
Q

conditioned reinforcers (secondary reinforcers)

A

acquired by association with a primary reinforcer (money, awards, etc.)

37
Q

punishment

A

a behavior followed by an aversive consequence which decreases the likelihood that the operant will repeat

38
Q

positive punishment

A

a response is followed by the addition of an aversive stimulus

39
Q

negative punishment

A

a response is followed by the loss of a reinforcing stimulus

40
Q

alternatives to punishment

A

reinforcing an alternate behavior, extinguishing the problem behavior, reinforcing the non-occurrence of the problem behavior, time-out from all positive reinforcement

41
Q

Premack principle

A

a preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less preferred activity

42
Q

discriminative stimuli

A

a specific stimulus that is more likely to reinforce a particular operant (eg phone ringing often leads to picking up the phone)

43
Q

operant chamber (Skinner box)

A

a small cage with a food dispenser automatically records the number of operants performed by the experimental animal

44
Q

shaping

A

reinforce successively closer approximations of behavior until the correct behavior is displayed

45
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

the most efficient way to strengthen a response is to immediately reinforce every occurrence of the operant

46
Q

partial reinforcement

A

responses are only reinforced sometimes (like in real life)

47
Q

extinction

A

when a learned response is no longer reinforced, the likelihood of repetition gradually declines

48
Q

partial reinforcement effect

A

partially reinforced behavior is more resistant to extinction than continuously reinforced behavior

49
Q

schedules of reinforcement

A

specific preset arrangements of partial reinforcement result in different response rates

50
Q

fixed-ratio schedule

A

reinforcement is presented after a fixed number of responses, produces increased response rates in burst-pause patterns

51
Q

variable-ratio schedule

A

reinforcement is presented after an average number of responses but varies

52
Q

fixed-interval schedule

A

reinforcement is presented after the 1st response in a preset time interval, responses increase as the time interval comes near

53
Q

variable-interval schedule

A

reinforcement is presented after the 1st response in an average length time interval, moderate/steady rates of response

54
Q

behavioral modification

A

the application of operant conditioning learning principles to help develop adaptive behaviors

55
Q

Edward C. Tolman

A

believed that cognitive processes were important to learning complex behaviors (tested rats in mazes)

56
Q

cognitive map

A

term by Tolman, a mental representation of a (mazes) layout built through experience, can be used to make an alternative route when the usual is blocked

57
Q

latent learning

A

term by Tolman, learning is not immediately demonstrated in overt behavior, learning is the acquisition of knowledge not just changes in behavior

58
Q

Martin Seligman

A

said that during cognitive conditioning, animals can develop a cognitive expectation that their behavior doesn’t affect their environment

59
Q

learned helplessness

A

Seligman term, exposure to an inescapable aversive event will result in passive behavior, the 1st step to overcoming is to create a sense of control

60
Q

instinctive drift

A

Brelandterm, natural behaviors interfere with operant behaviors, biologically predispositions to perform natural behaviors are strong enough to overcome a lack of reinforcement (reinforcement is not the sole determinant of behavior)

61
Q

observational learning

A

most human learning, learning by observing others actions

62
Q

Albert Bandura

A

pioneer of observational learning believed that the process used actively judgemental and constructive cognitive processes, tested groups of kids watching aggressive Bobo doll behavior

ap psych (8 decks)

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