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ap psych > ch. 7 language + intelligence > Flashcards

ch. 7 language + intelligence Flashcards

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1
Q

cognition

A

mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge

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2
Q

thinking

A

manipulating mental representations of information to draw inferences and conclusions

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3
Q

mental images

A

mental representation of objects/events that aren’t physically present (not only visual senses)

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4
Q

concepts

A

mental category formed to group objects/events that share similar features

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5
Q

formal concept

A

concepts formed by learning the rules/features of a particular concept

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6
Q

natural concept

A

concepts formed by everyday experience, the rules of the concept aren’t clearly defined

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7
Q

prototype

A

the best instance of a particular concept

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8
Q

prototype theory of classifications

A

objects are put into concepts by comparing them to the prototype (rather than seeing if it fits the rules)

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9
Q

exemplars

A

memories of individual instances of a concept, an object is compared to multiple items not just the prototype

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10
Q

problem-solving

A

thinking/behavior directed towards a not readily available goal

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11
Q

trail and error

A

try a variety of solutions to eliminate those that don’t work, good for limited range of possible solutions

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12
Q

algorithm

A

step-by-step procedure that always produces the correct solution (eg math formulas)

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13
Q

heuristic

A

general rule-of-thumb strategy that only might work, lowers the number of possible solutions (eg break a problem into subgoals, or work backwards from a goal)

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14
Q

insight

A

a solution arrives in a sudden realization, rarely due to the conscious manipulation of concepts

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15
Q

intuition

A

coming to a conclusion without conscious awareness of the thought process involved

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16
Q

2 stage model of intuition

A

intuition includes the guiding stage (unconscious perception of a pattern of information) and an integrative stage (the representation of the pattern become conscious)

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17
Q

intuitive hunch

A

new idea integrates new information with existing knowledge from long term memory

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18
Q

functional fixedness

A

interferes with problem-solving, only view objects as functioning in the usual way, prevents seeing full range of objects use

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19
Q

mental set

A

interferes with problem-solving, the tendency to persist in solving problems with solutions that worked before

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20
Q

single-feature model

A

base decisions on a single feature to simplify the choice among many alternatives, good for minor decisions

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21
Q

additive model

A

generate a list of important factors, then rate each alternative on an arbitrary scale, add up scores- highest is the winner

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22
Q

elimination-by-aspects model

A

evaluate all alternatives 1 characteristic at a time and eliminate the choices without that characteristic

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23
Q

availability heuristic

A

estimate the likelihood of an event based on other instances of the event in memory

24
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

estimate events likelihood by comparing how similar it its essential features are to that events prototype

25
Q

language

A

system for combining arbitrary symbols to produce meaningful statements

26
Q

belief-bias effect

A

obstacle to logical thinking, people only accept evidence that conforms to their beliefs

27
Q

confirmation-bias effect

A

obstacle to logical thinking, search for information that confirms a belief

28
Q

fallacy of positive instances

A

obstacle to logical thinking, the tendency to remember uncommon events (coincidences) that confirm beliefs

29
Q

overestimation effect

A

obstacle to logical thinking, overestimation of the rarity of an event

30
Q

symbols

A

sounds, written words, formalized gestures (ASL) required for language, meaning is shared by others who speak the same language

31
Q

syntax

A

set or rules for combining words, unaware of rules but its clear when their violated

32
Q

generative

A

an infinite number of new phrases can be generated

33
Q

displacement

A

can communicate meaningfully about ideas/objects not physically present

34
Q

whortan hypothesis

A

linguistic relativity hypothesis, differences among languages cause different thought processes

35
Q

bilingualism

A

fluency in 2 or more languages, cognitive benefits (eg attention control, taking perspectives of others in social situations)

36
Q

animal cognition

A

comparative cognition, study aspects of animal behavior (eg can acquire some language aspects)

37
Q

intelligence

A

capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment

38
Q

Alfred Binet

A

test for French government focused on elementary mental abilities (eg memory and attention) that you didn’t learn in school

39
Q

mental age

A

mental level differs from a childs chronological age

40
Q

Lewis Terman

A

Standford-Binet Intelligence Test: intelligence quotient (IQ), mental age/chronological age * 100, spread by the army alpha (written) and beta (oral) tests

41
Q

David Wechsler

A

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), combined scores of performance score (nonverbal subjects) and verbal score, believe intelligence involved many mental abilities

42
Q

achievement tests

A

measure knowledge in a particular area

43
Q

aptitude test

A

assess capacity to benefit from education, predict ability to learn certain types of information

44
Q

3 requirements of a scientifically acceptable test

A

standardization, reliability, validity

45
Q

standardization

A

tests are given to a large number of subjects of a particular group, the scores of the group determine the standards/norm (usually normal curve)

46
Q

reliability

A

consistently produces similar scores on different occasions

47
Q

validity

A

test measures what its supposed to

48
Q

Charles Spearman

A

general mental capacity is the core of many different mental abilities, g factor

49
Q

general intelligence (g factor)

A

responsible for overall performance on tests of mental ability, intelligence is a single measure of general cognitive ability, therefore IQ is accurate

50
Q

Louis L. Thurstone

A

intelligence is 7 primary mental abilities, the g factor is the overall average of the 7 and is less important

51
Q

Howard Gardner

A

different mental abilities biologically distinct and controlled by different brain regions, (like Thurstone) mental abilities independent of each other, therefore can’t be measured as 1 intelligence, an intelligence is the ability to solve problems or create products

52
Q

Robert Sternberg

A

intelligence is a broad quality, triarchic theory of intelligence

53
Q

triarchic theory of intelligence

A

successful intelligence involves analytic (learn to solve problems, creative (deal with new situation by drawing existing skills), and practical (adapt to environment) intelligence

54
Q

heritability

A

percent variation in a population due to heredity, accepted heritability estimate is 50% (50% of differences in IQ scores are due to genetics)

55
Q

Flynn Effect

A

the general improvement in average IQ scores in different cultures/countries, showed importance of environment on IQ

56
Q

Claude Steele’s stereotype threat

A

members of a group that are aware of a negative stereotype about their group will fear they will be judged in terms of that stereotype or confirm that stereotype

57
Q

stereotype lift

A

awareness of positive expectations can improve task performance

ap psych (8 decks)

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