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ap psych > ch. 6 memory > Flashcards

ch. 6 memory Flashcards

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1
Q

memory

A

mental processes that acquire, retain, and retrieve information

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2
Q

the 3 fundamental processes of memory

A

encoding, storage, and retrieval

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3
Q

encoding

A

transforming information so that it can be retained by the memory system

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4
Q

storage

A

retaining information in memory for later use

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5
Q

retrieval

A

recovering stored information to conscious awareness

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6
Q

stage model of memory

A

memory includes sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory and information is transferred from one stage to another

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7
Q

sensory memory

A

stores a detailed record of a sensory experience for a few seconds (3 seconds), pays attention to only a few aspects of the environment

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8
Q

George Sperling

A

tested people’s sensory memory with flashing letters on a screen, concludes that visual sensory memory (iconic memory) holds a lot of information for half a second

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9
Q

visual sensory memory

A

iconic memory, can hold information for half a second

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10
Q

auditory sensory memory

A

echoic memory, can hold information for 3-4 seconds

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11
Q

short-term memory

A

transfers information from sensory memory and retrieves information from long-term memory to conscious, holds information for 20 seconds, aka working memory

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12
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

information can be maintained in short-term memory when rehearsed (repeated)

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13
Q

short-term capacity

A

7 items

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14
Q

chunking

A

grouping related items into a single unit, can increase the amount of information held in short term memory, chunks are made using meaningful information from long-term memory

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15
Q

working memory

A

active, conscious manipulation of temporarily stored information, engages in problem-solving, reasoning, language comprehension, and mental comparisons

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16
Q

Alan Baddeley’s model of working memory

A

working memory consisted of the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and central executive

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17
Q

phonological loop

A

specialized for verbal material, tested by standard memory tasks

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18
Q

visuospatial sketchpad

A

specialized for visual material (remembering layouts)

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19
Q

central executive

A

controls attention, integrates information, and manages the activity of the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad

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20
Q

long-term memory

A

information storage over an extended period of time (20 seconds to a lifetime), limitless capacity

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21
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

focuses on the meaning of information to encode and transfer it into long-term memory (elaborate new information in a meaningful way)

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22
Q

self-reference effect

A

applying information to yourself to increase memorization of new information

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23
Q

procedural memory

A

long-term memory of how to perform skills, operations, and actions, memories formed early in life and origin is usually lost

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24
Q

episodic memory

A

long-term memory of specific events

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25
Q

semantic memory

A

general knowledge of facts, names, definitions, and concepts, origin of information is usually lost

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26
Q

autobiographical memory

A

semantic memory that holds personal life history and sense of self

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27
Q

explicit memory

A

memory with awareness (declarative memories), information that can be consciously recollected, includes episodic and semantic information

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28
Q

implicit memory

A

memory without awareness (non-declarative memories), can’t be consciously recollected but still affects behavior and knowledge

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29
Q

shared reminiscing

A

the way a mother talks to their kid about past experiences, causes cultural differences in autobiographical memory

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30
Q

clustering

A

the organization of items into related groups

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31
Q

semantic network model

A

when a concept is activated in semantic memory, it can spread and activate other associations in the semantic network

32
Q

retrieval

A

accessing stored information

33
Q

retrieval cues

A

prompts that can trigger memory recall

34
Q

retrieval cue failure

A

the inability to recall long-term memories because of inadequate retrieval cues

35
Q

tip-of-the-tongue experience

A

type of retrieval cue failure, the inability to get information you are sure is stored in your memory

36
Q

recall

A

free recall, producing information without using retrieval cues (essay questions)

37
Q

cued recall

A

remembering information in response to a retrieval cue (fill-in-the-blank)

38
Q

recognition

A

identifying the correct information from possible choice (multiple choice)

39
Q

serial position effect

A

the tendency to retrieve information more easily from the start and end of a sequence than items in the middle

40
Q

primacy effect

A

easily recalling a list’s first items

41
Q

recency effect

A

easily recalling a list’s final items

42
Q

encoding specificity principle

A

the best way to increase information access is to recreate original learning conditions, more closely a retrieval cue is to learning conditions increases likelihood of retrieval

43
Q

context effect

A

the tendency to remember information more easily in the same setting as the original learning environment

44
Q

mood congruence

A

a given mood tends to evoke memories consistent with that mood

45
Q

state-dependent learning

A

the tendency to remember information in the same physiological/biological learning conditions

46
Q

flashbulb memory

A

recalling very specific details surrounding a significant, rare, or vivid event (like 9/11), distinguished from regular memories only by the increased confidence in the accuracy of flashbulb memories

47
Q

forgetting

A

the inability to remember information that was previously available

48
Q

Hermann Ebbinghaus

A

studied forgetting on himself by memorizing nonsense syllables

49
Q

Ebbinghaus forgetting curve

A

much of what we forget is lost very soon after learning, the amount of forgetting then levels off

50
Q

encoding failure

A

forgetting because information was never encoded into long-term memory in the first place, lack of attention (absentmindedness) at the time of encoding leads to failure to accurately remember things

51
Q

prospective memory

A

remembering to do something in the future, fails because of retrieval cue failure

52
Q

decay theory

A

memories fade overtime when unused, forming memories creates a memory trace (structural/chemical change in the brain) that are eroded by metabolic processes, disproven by Ebbinghaus forgetting curve

53
Q

deja vu experience

A

a brief, intense feeling of familiarity in a new situation, theorized to be caused by source amnesia or an encoding failure from inattentional blindness

54
Q

interference theory

A

forgetting is caused by memories containing similar information competing with each other

55
Q

retroactive interference

A

backward-acting, a new memory interferes with remembering an old memory

56
Q

proactive interference

A

forward-acting, an old memory interferes with remembering a new memory

57
Q

motivated forgetting

A

we are motivated to forget unpleasant or disturbing memories

58
Q

suppression

A

motivated forgetting caused by a deliberate, conscious effort to forget information (avoid thinking about horrible news)

59
Q

repression

A

motivated forgetting occurs unconsciously, distressing events are blocked from conscious awareness, basis of psychoanalysis

60
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A

famous for researching memory distortions

61
Q

misinformation effect

A

information received after an event occurs can change the memory of that event

62
Q

source confusion

A

the source of a memory is forgotten or attributed to the wrong source

63
Q

false memory

A

a distorted recollection of something that didn’t actually happen but feels authentic

64
Q

schemas

A

organized clusters of knowledge about particular topics, memory distortions are promoted when missing details are filled in with schema information

65
Q

script

A

the typical sequence of actions at a common event

66
Q

lost-in-the-mall-technique

A

pairing real events with pseudo-events can cause false memories

67
Q

imagination inflation

A

vividly imagining an event can increase confidence that the event actually occurred in childhood, repeated imagining makes events seem more familiar

68
Q

Karl Lashley

A

searched for the memory trace/engram (brain changes presumed to occur in forming long-term memories, concluded that memories are distributed

69
Q

Richard F. Thompson

A

research discovered that simple memories are localized while complex, interrelated memories are distributed

70
Q

Eric Kandel

A

studied the snail Aplysia and found that in conditioning, neuron function changes and structure changes

71
Q

long-term potentiation

A

a lasting increase in synaptic strength

72
Q

amnesia

A

severe memory loss from specific damaged brain areas

73
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

backward-moving, unable to remember the past, especially recent episodic memories

74
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

forward-moving, inability to form new memories

75
Q

Henry Molaison

A

studied on for amnesia, removal of his hippocampus caused an inability to form explicit memories

76
Q

dementia

A

symptoms including many diseases of a decrease in memory, reasoning, language, etc.

ap psych (8 decks)

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