ch. 8 motivation and emotion Flashcards
motivation
biological, emotional, cognitive, and social forces that initiate and direct behavior
3 basic characteristics of motivation
activation, persistence, intensity
activation
initiation or production of behavior
persistence
continued efforts or determination to achieve goals in the face of obstacles
intensity
greater vigor of responding
instinct theories
people are motivated to engage in certain behaviors because of evolutionary programming, lacks explanatory power
drive theories
behavior is motivated by the desire to decrease internal tensions caused by unmet biological needs and detected by homeostasis mechanisms
incentive theories
behavior is motivated by the “pull” of external goals or rewards
arousal theory
very high and low arousal is unpleasant, people are motivated to maintain optimal arousal levels which vary from person to person
sensation seekers
need varied, complex, and unique sensory experiences, excitement seeking (not necessarily danger)
humanistic theories of motivation
people are innately motivated to realize their highest personal potential, could be jeopardized by the absence of a supportive environment
insulin
helps control blood glucose levels and promotes glucose uptake by body tissue cells
how much of the calories you intake are expended for daily physical activity vs. bodily functions
1/3 and 2/3
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
the rate at which the resting body uses energy for vital body functions
adipose tissue
body fat cells, stores extra energy
baseline body weight
average body weight, maintained by energy homeostasis
positive energy balance
eaten calories > expended calories -> extra energy is stored in fat and body weight increases
negative energy balance
eaten calories < expended calories -> use stored energy and body weight decreases
ghrelin
“hunger hormone” manufactured in stomach lining cells, rise sharply before and fall abruptly after meals, strongly stimulates appetite
satiation
“fullness,” the decreased desire to eat that follows eating
cholecystokinin (CCK)
hormone that stimulates stomach stretch receptors -> satiation
sensory-specific satiety
food becomes less appealing as you eat it, willingness to eat might return when presented with a different appealing food
leptin
hormone, secreted by adipose tissue, increase causes less food intake which decreases body fat causing leptin levels to decrease and food intake to increase, regulate energy homeostasis, amount correlates with the amount of adipose tissue, receptors in the hypothalamus
neuropeptide Y (NPY)
neurotransmitter, promoted by a decrease in leptin and insulin, triggers eating behaviors, reduces metabolism, promotes fat storage, activity decreases with weight gain
set-point theory
the body has a natural/optimal weight (set-point weight) which it tries to maintain
body mass index (BMI)
measure of weight status, normal: 18-25, overweight: 25-29.9, obese: greater than 30
“supersize it” syndrome
overeating, increase in average daily caloric intake
positive incentive value
overeating is motivated by very palatable foods not hunger
cafeteria diet effect
wider variety of food increases consumption
leptin resistance
caused by obesity, leptin mechanisms are disrupted
weight cycling/yoyo dieting
weight loss through dieting is regained until the next diet, the body resists weight loss, if caloric intake decreases metabolism will decrease
Abraham Maslow
humanistic psychologist, biological needs are important motivators but once met, higher psychological needs emerge as motivators
hierarchy of needs
people are motivated to satisfy the levels needs before moving to the next level, physiological needs -> safety needs -> love needs -> esteem needs -> self-actualization
self-actualization
the ultimate desire to fully use talents and potentials
self-determination theory (SDT)
by Edward Deci and Richard M. Ryan, people are actively growth-oriented and move towards a unified sense of self and integration with others
3 innate needs that must be satisfied to realize optimal psychological functioning
autonomy, competence, relatedness
autonomy
the need to control behavior and goals to align with your interest or values
competence
the need to learn and master challenging tasks
relatedness
the need to feel attached to others and experience belonging, security, or intimacy
intrinsic motivation
the desire to engage in inherently enjoyable or optimally challenging tasks
extrinsic motivation
external influences on behavior (rewards, responsibilities, etc.)
competence motivation
the strive to use behavioral skills to exercise control in a situation
achievement motivation
the drive to excel or outperform others
thematic apperception test (TAT)
measure human motives
3 components of emotion
subjective experience, physiological response, and behavioral/expressive response
mood
a milder emotional state that’s more general and can last hours to days
emotional intelligence
ability to manage your own emotions, comprehend others emotional responses, and respond appropriately to others emotions
Charles Darwin
emotions reflect evolutionary adaptations to survival and reproduction
basic emotions
all humans experience, products of evolution (fear, disgust, surprise, happiness, anger, sadness), each represent a family of related emotional states
2 factors emotions are universally classified by
degree of pleasantness/unpleasantness and level of activation or arousal
an additional factor in collectivistic cultures
level of interpersonal engagement
polygraph (lie detector)
measures physiological changes associated with fear or anxiety emotions, based on the assumption that lying causes anxiety
amygdala
important in emotional responses, key brain structure in fear response
Paul Ekman
studied facial expressions and emotions, the human face can create 7000 different expressions, facial expressions for the basic emotions are innate
anthropomorphism
attributing human qualities to an animal
emblems
specific nonverbal gestures that vary across cultures
display rules
cultural differences in facial expression management
James-Lange theory of emotion
physiological arousal causes emotions (not the other way around), 1. perceive a stimulus 2. physiological or behavioral changes 3. experience emotion
Walter Cannon
many emotions have similar body reactions but subjective experiences differ, emotional reaction to a stimulus is faster than physiological
facial feedback hypothesis
expressing emotion causes subjective experience, facial muscles send feedback to the brain and activate the corresponding emotional experience
two-factor theory of emotion
emotion is the interaction of physiological arousal and cognitive labels
cognitive appraisal theory of emotion
the most important aspect of emotional experiences is the cognitive interpretation (appraisal) of the situation (the personal meaning of the event)
