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ap psych > ch. 8 motivation and emotion > Flashcards

ch. 8 motivation and emotion Flashcards

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1
Q

motivation

A

biological, emotional, cognitive, and social forces that initiate and direct behavior

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2
Q

3 basic characteristics of motivation

A

activation, persistence, intensity

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3
Q

activation

A

initiation or production of behavior

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4
Q

persistence

A

continued efforts or determination to achieve goals in the face of obstacles

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5
Q

intensity

A

greater vigor of responding

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6
Q

instinct theories

A

people are motivated to engage in certain behaviors because of evolutionary programming, lacks explanatory power

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7
Q

drive theories

A

behavior is motivated by the desire to decrease internal tensions caused by unmet biological needs and detected by homeostasis mechanisms

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8
Q

incentive theories

A

behavior is motivated by the “pull” of external goals or rewards

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9
Q

arousal theory

A

very high and low arousal is unpleasant, people are motivated to maintain optimal arousal levels which vary from person to person

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10
Q

sensation seekers

A

need varied, complex, and unique sensory experiences, excitement seeking (not necessarily danger)

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11
Q

humanistic theories of motivation

A

people are innately motivated to realize their highest personal potential, could be jeopardized by the absence of a supportive environment

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12
Q

insulin

A

helps control blood glucose levels and promotes glucose uptake by body tissue cells

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13
Q

how much of the calories you intake are expended for daily physical activity vs. bodily functions

A

1/3 and 2/3

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14
Q

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

the rate at which the resting body uses energy for vital body functions

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15
Q

adipose tissue

A

body fat cells, stores extra energy

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16
Q

baseline body weight

A

average body weight, maintained by energy homeostasis

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17
Q

positive energy balance

A

eaten calories > expended calories -> extra energy is stored in fat and body weight increases

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18
Q

negative energy balance

A

eaten calories < expended calories -> use stored energy and body weight decreases

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19
Q

ghrelin

A

“hunger hormone” manufactured in stomach lining cells, rise sharply before and fall abruptly after meals, strongly stimulates appetite

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20
Q

satiation

A

“fullness,” the decreased desire to eat that follows eating

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21
Q

cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

hormone that stimulates stomach stretch receptors -> satiation

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22
Q

sensory-specific satiety

A

food becomes less appealing as you eat it, willingness to eat might return when presented with a different appealing food

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23
Q

leptin

A

hormone, secreted by adipose tissue, increase causes less food intake which decreases body fat causing leptin levels to decrease and food intake to increase, regulate energy homeostasis, amount correlates with the amount of adipose tissue, receptors in the hypothalamus

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24
Q

neuropeptide Y (NPY)

A

neurotransmitter, promoted by a decrease in leptin and insulin, triggers eating behaviors, reduces metabolism, promotes fat storage, activity decreases with weight gain

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25
Q

set-point theory

A

the body has a natural/optimal weight (set-point weight) which it tries to maintain

26
Q

body mass index (BMI)

A

measure of weight status, normal: 18-25, overweight: 25-29.9, obese: greater than 30

27
Q

“supersize it” syndrome

A

overeating, increase in average daily caloric intake

28
Q

positive incentive value

A

overeating is motivated by very palatable foods not hunger

29
Q

cafeteria diet effect

A

wider variety of food increases consumption

30
Q

leptin resistance

A

caused by obesity, leptin mechanisms are disrupted

31
Q

weight cycling/yoyo dieting

A

weight loss through dieting is regained until the next diet, the body resists weight loss, if caloric intake decreases metabolism will decrease

32
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

humanistic psychologist, biological needs are important motivators but once met, higher psychological needs emerge as motivators

33
Q

hierarchy of needs

A

people are motivated to satisfy the levels needs before moving to the next level, physiological needs -> safety needs -> love needs -> esteem needs -> self-actualization

34
Q

self-actualization

A

the ultimate desire to fully use talents and potentials

35
Q

self-determination theory (SDT)

A

by Edward Deci and Richard M. Ryan, people are actively growth-oriented and move towards a unified sense of self and integration with others

36
Q

3 innate needs that must be satisfied to realize optimal psychological functioning

A

autonomy, competence, relatedness

37
Q

autonomy

A

the need to control behavior and goals to align with your interest or values

38
Q

competence

A

the need to learn and master challenging tasks

39
Q

relatedness

A

the need to feel attached to others and experience belonging, security, or intimacy

40
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

the desire to engage in inherently enjoyable or optimally challenging tasks

41
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

external influences on behavior (rewards, responsibilities, etc.)

42
Q

competence motivation

A

the strive to use behavioral skills to exercise control in a situation

43
Q

achievement motivation

A

the drive to excel or outperform others

44
Q

thematic apperception test (TAT)

A

measure human motives

45
Q

3 components of emotion

A

subjective experience, physiological response, and behavioral/expressive response

46
Q

mood

A

a milder emotional state that’s more general and can last hours to days

47
Q

emotional intelligence

A

ability to manage your own emotions, comprehend others emotional responses, and respond appropriately to others emotions

48
Q

Charles Darwin

A

emotions reflect evolutionary adaptations to survival and reproduction

49
Q

basic emotions

A

all humans experience, products of evolution (fear, disgust, surprise, happiness, anger, sadness), each represent a family of related emotional states

50
Q

2 factors emotions are universally classified by

A

degree of pleasantness/unpleasantness and level of activation or arousal

51
Q

an additional factor in collectivistic cultures

A

level of interpersonal engagement

52
Q

polygraph (lie detector)

A

measures physiological changes associated with fear or anxiety emotions, based on the assumption that lying causes anxiety

53
Q

amygdala

A

important in emotional responses, key brain structure in fear response

54
Q

Paul Ekman

A

studied facial expressions and emotions, the human face can create 7000 different expressions, facial expressions for the basic emotions are innate

55
Q

anthropomorphism

A

attributing human qualities to an animal

56
Q

emblems

A

specific nonverbal gestures that vary across cultures

57
Q

display rules

A

cultural differences in facial expression management

58
Q

James-Lange theory of emotion

A

physiological arousal causes emotions (not the other way around), 1. perceive a stimulus 2. physiological or behavioral changes 3. experience emotion

59
Q

Walter Cannon

A

many emotions have similar body reactions but subjective experiences differ, emotional reaction to a stimulus is faster than physiological

60
Q

facial feedback hypothesis

A

expressing emotion causes subjective experience, facial muscles send feedback to the brain and activate the corresponding emotional experience

61
Q

two-factor theory of emotion

A

emotion is the interaction of physiological arousal and cognitive labels

62
Q

cognitive appraisal theory of emotion

A

the most important aspect of emotional experiences is the cognitive interpretation (appraisal) of the situation (the personal meaning of the event)

ap psych (8 decks)

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