Selection & Speciation Flashcards

1
Q

These are causes of microevolution, which change allelic frequencies.

A

Environmental pressures

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2
Q

The source of all variation?

A

MUTATION

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3
Q

Non-hertiable mutations?

A

Somatic

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4
Q

Heritable mutations?

A

Gametic

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5
Q

Two types of mutations (Spidermans)

A

Spontaneous - replication errors

Induced - radioactive spider bite. Mutagenic agents.

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6
Q

The change of a base pair?

A

Point mutation

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7
Q

A change to DNA with no effects.

A

Silent mutation

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8
Q

A change to DNA that changes the amino acid?

A

Missense mutation

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9
Q

Premature stop, effects can be nothing to everything!

A

Nonsense mutation

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10
Q

Sickle cell anemia is a..

A

Missense mutation

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11
Q

T/F Reading frames can be restored through 3 deletions.

A

TRUE

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12
Q

T/F Deletions & Insertions can be spontaneous or induced.

A

TRUE

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13
Q

Deletions:

A

Change amino acid sequence

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14
Q

Insertions:

A

Adding extra, making stop sequence

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15
Q

A deletion could be restored by…

A

Insertion

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16
Q

A random event that changes allelic frequencies?

A

Genetic Drift (Change to population)

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17
Q

Genetic Drift effects larger or smaller populations more?

A

Saller

18
Q

Examples of genetic drift?

A

Picking all the flowers

19
Q

Removing a large portion of a group at random (tsunami, hunting)

A

Bottleneck Effect

20
Q

The isolation and colonization of a subpopulation.

A

Founder Effect

21
Q

An example of the founder effect?

A

Shar-Peis - resulting in prevalent genetic disorders

22
Q

Most populations are not closed systems, with immigration (to) and emigration (from). This movement creates:

A

Gene Flow

23
Q

Gene flow does 2 things:

A

Reduce differences between populations

Amalgamation of populations

24
Q

Darwinian fitness is NOT ALWAYS:

A

Physical Strength

25
Q

The most successful is determined by:

A

Reproductive Success

26
Q

In mammals, the right to reproduce can lead to

A

Male-Male competition
(Singing, dancing, fighting)
NOT ALWAYS PHYSICAL

27
Q

Again, in natural selection to be selectable there must be:

A

Variability/Heritable variation

Normal distribution

28
Q

Natural selection depends on:

A

Non-random mating

29
Q

In this selection there is one favorable phenotype (extreme) which will shift the curve.—>

A

Directional Selection

30
Q

This is characterized by pressure against the average.

A

Disruptive Selection

Sneaky Salmon

31
Q

Selection for average against both extremes:

–>()<–

A

Stabilizing Selection (Siberian Huskies, too big, too small, just right)

32
Q

Isolated populations can lead to…

A

Distinct Species

b/c Experiences new pressures

33
Q

Thus, the old population & new will no longer be able to:

A

Reproduce

34
Q

Speciation requires __________ to reproduction.

A

Barriers

35
Q

Prezygotic barriers -

A

Mating or fertilization

36
Q

Postzygotic barriers -

A

Developmental

37
Q

Prezygotic Barriers include:

HTBMG

A

Habitat Isolation - physical seperation
Temporal Isolation - diff breeding schedule
Behavioral Isolation (Boobies)
Mechanical Isolation - junk don’t fit
Gamete Isolation - inside/outside gametes

38
Q

Postzygotic Barriers include:

A

Hybrid invariability -Incompatible genes
Hybrid sterility - Offspring sterile
Hybrid breakdown - Fertile hybrids, offspring don’t survive

39
Q

Divergence of populations can happen from:

A
Population separation (Mountains/Barriers)
New environmental pressures
40
Q

When populations diverge…

A

Allelic frequencies change

  • Non-random mating & natural selection
  • Genetic drift & mutation
41
Q

A geographic barrier dividing a population:

A

Allopatric Separation

-If different environmental pressures = genetic drift & founder effect

42
Q

Allopatric speciateion is also caused (or was caused by)

A

Plate tectonics

-Supercontinent Gondewana broke up and everyone changed!