Selection & Speciation

Question 1

These are causes of microevolution, which change allelic frequencies.

Answer 1

Environmental pressures

Question 2

The source of all variation?

Answer 2

MUTATION

Question 3

Non-hertiable mutations?

Answer 3

Somatic

Question 4

Heritable mutations?

Answer 4

Gametic

Question 5

Two types of mutations (Spidermans)

Answer 5

Spontaneous - replication errors

Induced - radioactive spider bite. Mutagenic agents.

Question 6

The change of a base pair?

Answer 6

Point mutation

Question 7

A change to DNA with no effects.

Answer 7

Silent mutation

Question 8

A change to DNA that changes the amino acid?

Answer 8

Missense mutation

Question 9

Premature stop, effects can be nothing to everything!

Answer 9

Nonsense mutation

Question 10

Sickle cell anemia is a..

Answer 10

Missense mutation

Question 11

T/F Reading frames can be restored through 3 deletions.

Answer 11

TRUE

Question 12

T/F Deletions & Insertions can be spontaneous or induced.

Answer 12

TRUE

Question 13

Deletions:

Answer 13

Change amino acid sequence

Question 14

Insertions:

Answer 14

Adding extra, making stop sequence

Question 15

A deletion could be restored by…

Answer 15

Insertion

Question 16

A random event that changes allelic frequencies?

Answer 16

Genetic Drift (Change to population)

Question 17

Genetic Drift effects larger or smaller populations more?

Answer 17

Saller

Question 18

Examples of genetic drift?

Answer 18

Picking all the flowers

Question 19

Removing a large portion of a group at random (tsunami, hunting)

Answer 19

Bottleneck Effect

Question 20

The isolation and colonization of a subpopulation.

Answer 20

Founder Effect

Question 21

An example of the founder effect?

Answer 21

Shar-Peis - resulting in prevalent genetic disorders

Question 22

Most populations are not closed systems, with immigration (to) and emigration (from). This movement creates:

Answer 22

Gene Flow

Question 23

Gene flow does 2 things:

Answer 23

Reduce differences between populations

Amalgamation of populations

Question 24

Darwinian fitness is NOT ALWAYS:

Answer 24

Physical Strength

Question 25

The most successful is determined by:

Answer 25

Reproductive Success

Question 26

In mammals, the right to reproduce can lead to

Answer 26

Male-Male competition (Singing, dancing, fighting) NOT ALWAYS PHYSICAL

Question 27

Again, in natural selection to be selectable there must be:

Answer 27

Variability/Heritable variation | Normal distribution

Question 28

Natural selection depends on:

Answer 28

Non-random mating

Question 29

In this selection there is one favorable phenotype (extreme) which will shift the curve.--->

Answer 29

Directional Selection

Question 30

This is characterized by pressure against the average.

Answer 30

Disruptive Selection | Sneaky Salmon

Question 31

Selection for average against both extremes: | -->()<--

Answer 31

Stabilizing Selection (Siberian Huskies, too big, too small, just right)

Question 32

Isolated populations can lead to...

Answer 32

Distinct Species | b/c Experiences new pressures

Question 33

Thus, the old population & new will no longer be able to:

Answer 33

Reproduce

Question 34

Speciation requires __________ to reproduction.

Answer 34

Barriers

Question 35

Prezygotic barriers -

Answer 35

Mating or fertilization

Question 36

Postzygotic barriers -

Answer 36

Developmental

Question 37

Prezygotic Barriers include: | HTBMG

Answer 37

Habitat Isolation - physical seperation Temporal Isolation - diff breeding schedule Behavioral Isolation (Boobies) Mechanical Isolation - junk don't fit Gamete Isolation - inside/outside gametes

Question 38

Postzygotic Barriers include:

Answer 38

Hybrid invariability -Incompatible genes Hybrid sterility - Offspring sterile Hybrid breakdown - Fertile hybrids, offspring don't survive

Question 39

Divergence of populations can happen from:

Answer 39

``` Population separation (Mountains/Barriers) New environmental pressures ```

Question 40

When populations diverge...

Answer 40

Allelic frequencies change - Non-random mating & natural selection - Genetic drift & mutation

Question 41

A geographic barrier dividing a population:

Answer 41

Allopatric Separation | -If different environmental pressures = genetic drift & founder effect

Question 42

Allopatric speciateion is also caused (or was caused by)

Answer 42

Plate tectonics | -Supercontinent Gondewana broke up and everyone changed!