Evolution & Population Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

This fella came up with the classification of life & taxa that we use today!

A

Linnaeus

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2
Q

These two studied geological processes, and their constant nature, noting that environments were always changing.

A

Hutton & Lyell

Challenged the Earth being 6000 years old

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3
Q

This mathemetician & economist wrote an essay on populations outgrowing food supplies.

A

Malthus

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4
Q

This fella proposed that organisms can drive their own evolution by using or disusing a structure.

A

Lamarck

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5
Q

Is that true? Do giraffes have longer necks by stretching more?

A

NO - Longer necks=more food=more offspring

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6
Q

Darwin came along in the 1840’s and proposed:

A

Descent With Modification - every generation is slightly modified

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7
Q

Darwin Published his manifesto in…

A

1859

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8
Q

Why did Darwin rush to publish in 1859?

A

Because Wallace had an independent manuscript that would have given him all the credit!

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9
Q

Title of the Manifesto:

A

The Origin of Species (by means of natural selection) or The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life

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10
Q

Darwins ship?

A

HMS Beagle

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11
Q

Artifical Selection is represented by..

A

Domestication

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12
Q

What types might artifically select?

A

Horticulturists
Animal Breeders
Hobby Pigeons

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13
Q

The Domesitcation process is in essence:

A

Selective Breeding

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14
Q

Wild mustard is a good example of artificial selection in that…

A

It has been turned into cabbage, cauliflower, turnips, etc.

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15
Q

In order for artificial selection to work these 2 conditions must be met:

A

Trait must be variable

Trait must be heritable

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16
Q

If we can make big changes artificially in a short time…

A

Then same thing happens naturally over LONG periods of time. Nature can select favorable traits.

17
Q

Darwins 4 Observations

A

Variability in character traits
Heritability of character traits
Overproduction of offspring (more than will survive)
Competition between offspring

18
Q

Darwins inferences:

A

Survival of the fittest!

  1. Favourable variations survive longer, unfavourable not passed on as frequently.
  2. Unequal inheritance lead to survival of the fittest.
19
Q

Changes in frequency of character traits in a population over time, will lead to a change in the…

A

Normal distribution bell-curve. Shifts indicate evolution! To the right or to the left.

20
Q

From common ancestor organisms moved into..

A

Diverse environments
Diverse modifications
Hence tree of life

21
Q

Evidence of relationships?

A

Fossil record!

22
Q

The fossil record shows..

A

Gradual changes in body form from terrestrial to cetaceans.

23
Q

Why can we not solely rely on the fossil record?

A

Missing Links

24
Q

Evolution = (Tree wise)

A

Adaptive Radiation

25
Further evidence exists in these structures.
Homologous. Same pieces, different locations. Human/dog/whale/bat
26
Homologous structures are also evidence of...
Divergent Evolution
27
Where we put organisms in the Linnaean system relies heavily on:
Homology
28
Homologies may be _______, reduced because no longer needed.
Vestigial
29
Evidence of vestigial homologies?
Goosebumps. Whale pelvis. Also in embryonic structure!
30
The evidence to trump all evidence?
Molecular! DNA, RNA, Protein sequences
31
Using _____ sequences we can see how long ago species diverged.
Hemoglobin
32
We can trace the distance between organisms based on their amino acid ________.
Differences
33
Analogous structures represent different branches of the tree that look alike. Also called:
Convergent Evolution - came to same points by different routes