SELECTED COMMUNICABLE DISEASES Flashcards
- A highly contagious bacterial infection, usually affecting the lungs but can also affect other organs of the body like brain,
kidney , intestine, and bones, - Considered as the world’s deadliest disease and remains as a major public health problem in the Philippines.
- It is often occurs in children of under developed and developing countries in the form of primary complex especially after a bout of a deliberating childhood disease such as measles.
TUBERCULOSIS
DOTS program:
Directly Observed Treatment Scheme
TUBERCULOSIS Causative agent:
Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Koch’s bacillus
TUBERCULOSIS Mode of transmission:
Inhalation of infective droplets present in the air
TUBERCULOSIS Treatment
Isoniazid, Rifampacin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol
- Cough of 2 weeks or more
- Fever
- Chest pain or back pains not referable to any musculo-skeletal disorders
- Hemoptysis or recurrent blood-streaked in the sputum
- Significant weight loss
- Other sign and symptoms such as sweating, fatigue, body malaise and shortness of breath
TUBERCULOSIS
- Cough of 2 weeks or more
- Fever
- Chest pain or back pains not referable to any musculo-skeletal disorders
- Hemoptysis or recurrent blood-streaked in the sputum
- Significant weight loss
- Other sign and symptoms such as sweating, fatigue, body malaise and shortness of breath
TUBERCULOSIS
- Systemic infection characterized by continued fever, malaise, anorexia, slow pulse, involvement of lymphoid tissue,
Splenomegaly, rose spots on trunks and diarrhea. - Many mild typical infections are often unrecognized
TYPHOID FEVER
TYPHOID FEVER Causative Agent:
Salmonella typhi
TYPHOID FEVER Source of Infection:
Feces and urine of infected person. Family contacts may be transient carrier. Carrier state is common among
person over 40 years of age especially females
TYPHOID FEVER Diagnosis:
Stool culture, Serological tests
- An acute infectious disease of the lungs usually caused by the pneumococcus resulting in the consolidation of one or more lobes of either one or both lungs
PNEUMONIA
PNEUMONIA Causative Agents:
- Majority of cases due to Streptococcus pneumoniae (Diplococcus pnemoniae)
- Occasionally Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Viruses
PNEUMONIA Predisposing Causes:
- Fatigue
- Overexposure to inclement weather (extreme hot or cold)
- Exposure to pollutes air
- Malnutrition
-Rhinitis/common cold
-Pain over affected areas
-Rusty sputum
-Highly colored urine
-Productive cough
-Severe chill, in young children
- Fast respiration High fever
- Vomiting at times
-Dilated pupils
PNEUMONIA
- It is a worldwide zoonotic disease. Rat is the main host of the disease although pigs, cattle, rabbits and other wild animals can also serve as reservoir hosts
- It is an occupational disease affecting veterinarians, miners, farmers, sewer, workers, abattoir workers, etc
LEPTOSPIROSIS
LEPTOSPIROSIS Causative Agent:
serovar icterohemmorhagiae
LEPTOSPIROSIS Mode of Transmission:
Through contact of the skin, especially open wounds with water, moist soil or vegetation contaminated with urine of infected host
leptospires present in blood and CSF. Onset of symptoms are abrupt with fever, headache, myalgia, nausea, vomiting, cough and chest pain
Leptospiremic phase
correlates with the appearance of circulating IgM
Immune phase
- Leptospiremic phase - leptospires present in blood and CSF. Onset of symptoms are abrupt with fever, headache, myalgia,
nausea, vomiting, cough and chest pain - Immune phase - correlates with the appearance of circulating IgM
LEPTOSPIROSIS
LEPTOSPIROSIS Treatment:
- Penicillin and other B-lactam antibiotics
- Tetracycline
- Erythromycin
Gonorrhea Causative Agent:
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Gonorrhea Mode of Transmission:
Sexual contact in adult, transmission in neonates (ophthalmia neonatorum) is during birth
Genital (penis or cervix), anus throat and eyes can be infected.
Males - burning urination and pus discharges from infection of urethra
Females - vaginal discharge
Gonorrhea
Gonorrhea Treatment:
Cefriaxone for uncomplicated cases. If resistant, spectinomycin is used
Gonorrhea Prevention:
No drug or vaccine. Condoms offer protection. Trace contacts and treat to interrupt transmission
- An acute highly communicable infection characterized by fever, rashes and symptoms referable to upper respiratory tract; the eruption is preceded by about 2 days of coryza, during which stage grayish pecks(“Koplik spots”) maybe found on the inner surface of cheeks.
- Death is due to complication (ex. Secondary to pneumonia, usually in children under 2 years old)
- Measles is severe among malnourished children with fatality of 95-100%.
MEASLES
MEASLES Causative agent:
Measles virus (Morbilivirus under Family Paramyxoviridae) (RNA virus)
Source of infection:
MEASLES Mode of transmission:
By droplet spread or direct contact with infected persons, or directly through articles freshly soiled with secretions of nose and throat.
10 days from exposure to appearance of fever and about 14days until rash appears.
Incubation period:
Highly communicable disease characterized by abrupt onset with fever which last 1 to 6 days, chilly sensation or chills, aches or pain in the back and limbs with prostrations. Respiratory symptoms include coryza, sore throat and cough.
INFLUENZA
INFLUENZA Causative Agent:
Influenza Virus A, B, C under Family Orthomyxoviridae (RNA virus)
INFLUENZA Source of Infection:
Discharges/Secretions from the mouth and nose of infected person
INFLUENZA Modes of Transmission:
By direct contact, through droplet infection, or by articles freshly soiled with discharge of nose and throat of infected person, airborne
INFLUENZA Period of Communicability:
Probably limited to 3 days from clinical onset
- A form of hepatitis occurring either sporadically or in Epidemics and caused by virus introduced by fecally contaminated water or food
- Young people especially school children are most frequently affected
HEPATITIS A (Infectious hepatitis, Epidemic hepatitis, Catarrhal jaundice)
HEPATITIS A Causative Agent:
Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) (Under Family Picornaviridae) (RNA virus)
HEPATITIS A Predisposing factors:
- Poor sanitation
- Contaminated water supplies
- Unsanitary method of preparing and serving of food
- Malnutrition
- Disaster and war time condition
- Influenza-like symptom like headache
- Malaise and easy fatigability
- Anorexia and abdominal discomfort
- Nausea and vomiting
- Fever
- Lymphadenopathy
- Jaundice
- Bilirubinemia with clay colored stool
HEPATITIS A
- Is an acute viral encephalomyelitis, a rhabdovirus of the genus Lyssavirus (RNA virus)
- It is fatal once the signs and symptoms appear
- There are two kinds (urban or canine) is transmitted by dogs while sylvatic rabies is a disease of wild animals and bats which sometimes spread to dogs, cats, and livestock
- Rabies remains a public health problem in the Philippines. Approximately 300 to 600 Filipinos die of rabies every year
- Philippines has the highest prevalence rate of rabies in the whole world
RABIES (Hydrophobia, Lyssa)
RABIES Mode of Transmission:
Usually by bites of a rabid animal whose saliva has the virus. The virus may also be introduced into a scratch or in fresh breaks in the skin (very rare). Transmission from man to man is possible
- Sense of apprehension
- Headache
- Fever
- Sensory change near the site of animal bite
- Spasm of muscles or deglutition on attempt to swallow (fear of water)
- Paralysis
- Delirium and convulsion
RABIES
DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER Etiologic agents:
Dengue Virus Types 1, 2, 3, and 4 (Flavivirus, an RNA virus)
DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER Source of Infection:
Immediate source is a vector mosquito, the Aedes aegypti or the common household mosquito
DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER Mode of Transmission:
Through bite of infected female mosquito
An acute febrile infection of sudden onset with clinical manifestation of 3 stages:
First 4 days - invasive stage starts abruptly as high fever, abdominal pain and headache
4th to 7th days - toxic or hemorrhagic stage - lowering of temperature, severe abdominal pain, vomiting, frequent bleeding. Death may occur
7th to 10th day - convalescent or recovery
DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER (H-Fever)
DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER Diagnostic test:
Torniquet test (Rumpel Leads Test)
Platelet count
Hepatitis B Causative Agent:
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) under Family Hepadnaviridae (DNA virus)
Hepatitis B Mode of Transmission:
Sexual intercourse, also transmitted through blood and during birth.
a. Loss of appetite
b. Easy fatigability
c. Joint and muscle pain
d. Low grade fever
e. Right sided abdominal pain
f. Jaundice
g. Dark colored urine
Hepatitis B
- Also known as the Bilhariasis or snail fever has a long been one of the important tropical disease on our country.
- It is caused by a blood fluke that is transmitted by a tiny snail Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi
- Since it affects mostly farmers and their families in the rural area it results in manpower losses and lessened agricultural
productivity. - There is a high prevalence of Schistomiasis in Region 5 (Bicol). Region 8 ( Samar and Leyte) and region 11 (Davao)
SCHISTOSOMIASIS (Bilhariasis or snail fever)
SCHISTOSOMIASIS (Bilhariasis or snail fever) Causative agents:
Schistosoma japonicum
- Diarrhea
- Bloody stool
- Enlargement of abdomen
- Splenomegaly
- Weakness
- Anemia
- Inflamed liver
SCHISTOSOMIASIS (Bilhariasis or snail fever)
SCHISTOSOMIASIS (Bilhariasis or snail fever) Treatment:
Praziquantel is the drug of choice against all species. Alternatively drugs are Oxamniquine for S. mansoni and Metrifonate for S. heamatobium
- It is chronic parasitic infection, which greatly reduces human productivity and quality of life
- It is frequently encountered in communities where eating of fresh or inadequately cooked crabs is practice.
- The manifestation closely resemble PTB that most often it is misdiagnosed for this disease in endemic areas.
PARAGONIMIASIS/PULMONARY DISTOMIASIS
PARAGONIMIASIS/PULMONARY DISTOMIASIS Causative agent:
Paragonimus westermani (lung fluke) is the most common important causative agent in Asia.
PARAGONIMIASIS/PULMONARY DISTOMIASIS Modes of transmission:
1) Ingestion of raw insufficiently cooked infected crabs
2) Contamination of food or utensil with metacercaria during food
- Cough of long duration
- Hemoptysis
- Chest/back pain
- PTB-like symptoms not responding to anti-TB medications
PARAGONIMIASIS/PULMONARY DISTOMIASIS
PARAGONIMIASIS/PULMONARY DISTOMIASIS Treatment:
Praziquantel is the drug of choice given 25mg/g body weight three times daily for three days. Bithionol is the alternative drug.
SOIL TRANSMITTED HELMINTHIASIS (STH) Causative agents:
- Ascaris lumbricoides (Giant intestinal roundworm)
- Trichuris trichiura ( Whipworm)
- Hookworm
- Ancylostoma duodenale (Old world hookworm)
- Necator americanus (New world hookworm)
- They are classified as soil helminthes because their major development takes place in the soil. Geofactors like temperature, humidity, wind etc. are the primary factors which determine their distribution.
- With unsanitary disposal of human stool, eggs from these parasites developed on the soil and can mechanically infect humans when fingers, food or water are contaminated with the parasite eggs from the soil where they became infective or when the infective larva of hookworms in the soil penetrate of barefooted individuals.
SOIL TRANSMITTED HELMINTHIASIS (STH)
- Anemia
- Malnutrition
- Stunted growth in height and body size
- Decreased physical activities
- Impaired mental development and school performance
SOIL TRANSMITTED HELMINTHIASIS (STH)
SOIL TRANSMITTED HELMINTHIASIS (STH) Treatment:
Piperazine citrate, pyrantel pamoate, mebendazole, albendazole, levimazole; depends on what parasite is present.
Public Health concern in many endemic areas in the Philippines (45 out of 78 provinces are endemic)
FILARIASIS (elephantiasis)
FILARIASIS (elephantiasis) Causative Agents:
Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi
FILARIASIS (elephantiasis) Vectors:
For Wuchereria bancrofti - Aedes poecilus, Anopheles minismus flavirostris, Culex fatigans
For Brugia malayi - Mansonia bonnaea, Mansonia uniformis
Characterized by the presence of microfilariae in the peripheral blood
No clinical signs and symptoms of the disease
FILARIASIS (elephantiasis) Asymtomatic stage:
inflammation of the lymph nodes
Lymphadenitis
inflammation of lymph vessels In some cases, the male genitalia is affected
Lymphangitis
developed 10-15 years from the onset of first attack
Chronic stage
swelling of the scrotum
Hydrocoele
swelling of the upper and lower extremities
Lymphedema
enlargement or thickening of the skin of the lower and/or upper extremities, scrotum, breast
Elephantiasis
FILARIASIS (elephantiasis) Treatment:
The drug of choice is Diethylcarbamazine (DEC)
Continues to be a major public health concern having an annual parasite incidence of 5.1 per 1000 population
MALARIA
MALARIA Causative agents:
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium malariae
Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium knowlesi
MALARIA Mode of Transmission:
Through the bite of an infected female mosquito (Anopheles flavirostris) or directly from one person to another by passage of blood containing erythrocytic parasites
Recurrent chills
Fever
Profuse sweating
Anemia
Hepatomegaly
Splenomegaly
MALARIA
