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CPHM > 1- INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY OF PUBLIC HEALTH > Flashcards

1- INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY OF PUBLIC HEALTH Flashcards

1
Q

the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting physical health through organized community
efforts and informed choices of society,

A

PUBLIC HEALTH

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2
Q

DIVISIONS OF PUBLIC HEALTH:

A
  1. Epidemiology
  2. Biostatististics
  3. Health Services/Healtb Policy and Management/Health Administration
  4. Environmental Health
  5. Occupational health
  6. Social and Behavioral Health
  7. Nutrition
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3
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF PUBLIC HEALTH:

A
  1. It deals with the PREVENTIVE ASPECTS of health rather than curative aspects.
  2. It deals with POPULATION LEVEL, rather than individual health issues.
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4
Q

3 CORE FUNCTIONS OF PUBLIC HEALTH/10 ESSENTIAL PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES

A
  1. Assessment
  2. Policy Development
  3. Assurance
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5
Q

a. Monitor health status to identify community health problems.
b. Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community.

A

Assessment

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6
Q

a. Inform, educate and empower people about health issues.
b. Mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems.
c. Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts.

A

Policy Development

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7
Q

a. Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety.
b. Link people to needed personal health services and assure the provision of health care when otherwise unavailable.
c. Assure a competent public health and persosnal healthcare workforce.
d. Evaluate effectiveness, accesibility, and quality of personal and population-based health services.

A

Assurance

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8
Q

5 STEPS OF PUBLIC HEALTH APPROACH IN ADDRESSING HEALTH PROBLEMS IN COMMUNITY

A
  1. Define the health problem.
  2. Identify the risk factors associated with the problem.
  3. Develop and test community-level interventions to control or prevent the cause of the problem.
  4. Implement interventions to improve the health of the population.
  5. Monitor those interventions to assess their effectiveness.
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9
Q

LEVELS OF PREVENTION

A
  1. Primary Prevention
  2. Secondary
  3. Tertiary
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10
Q

prevents an illness or an injury from occuring at all, by preventing exposure to risk factors.

A

Primary Prevention

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11
Q

seeks to minimize the severity of the illness or the damage due to an injury-causing event once the event has occurred.

A

Secondary

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12
Q

seeks to minimize disability by providing medical care and rehabilitation services.

A

Tertiary

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13
Q

CHAIN OF CAUSATION OF DISEASE

A

-Host
-Agent
-Environment

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14
Q
  • person’s physical and psychological capacity to establish and maintain balance.
  • Successful defense of the host against forces that disturb body equilibrium.
A

HEALTH

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15
Q

failure of the body’s defense mechanism to cope with forces tending to disturb body equilibrium.

A

DISEASE

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16
Q

DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH

A
  1. Income and Social Status
  2. Education
  3. Physical environment
  4. Employment and working conditions
  5. Social support networks
  6. Culture
  7. Genetics
  8. Personal behavior and coping skills
  9. Health services
  10. Gender
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17
Q

STAGES OF DISEASE

A
  1. Pre-disease stage
  2. Latent stage (asymtomatic)
  3. Symptomatic stage
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18
Q

RISK FACTORS FOR DISEASE:

A
  1. Biologic and Behavioral Factors
  2. Environmental Factors
  3. Immunologic Factors
  4. Nutritional Factors
  5. Genetic Factors
  6. Services, Social Factors and Spiritual Factors
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19
Q

(up to 1898)

A

Pre-American Occupation

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20
Q

(1898-1907)

A

American Military Government

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21
Q

(1907-1916)

A

Philippine Assembly

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22
Q

(1916-1936)

A

The Jones Law

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23
Q

(1936-1941)

A

The Commonwealth

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24
Q

(1941-1945)

A

Japanese Occupation

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25
Q

(1945-1972)

A

Post World War II

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26
Q

(1986 to present)

A

Post EDSA Revolution

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27
Q

Public health works began at the

A

Franciscan Convent in Intramuros

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28
Q

Hospitals before the Americans came to Philippines:
General Hospitals

A

a. San Juan de Dios Hospital
b. Chinese General Hospital
c. Hospicio de San Jose in Cavite
d. Casa dela Caridad in Cebu
e. Enfermeria de Santa Cruz in Laguna

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29
Q

Hospitals before the Americans came to Philippines: Contagious Hospitals

A

a. San Lazaro Hospital
b. Hospital de Palestina in Camarines Sur
c. Hospital delos Lesprosos in Cebu
d. Hospital de Argencina in Manila for smallpox and cholera

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30
Q

Hospitals before the Americans came to Philippines:
Military Hospital

A

a. Hospital Militar de Manila
b. Hospital Militar de Zamboanga

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31
Q

Hospitals before the Americans came to Philippines:
Naval Hospital

A

a. Hospital dela Marie in Cebu
b. Hospital de Basilan

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32
Q

Hospitals before the Americans came to Philippines:
Other hospitals/Asylums

A

a. Hospicio de San Pascual Baylon in Manila
b. Asylum of St. Vincent de Paul in Manila for poor girls
c. Hospital of SanJose for orphaned children and mentally ill

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33
Q
  • Control of epidemics such as cholera, smallpox and plague
  • Fight against communicable diseases such as leprosy, diarrhea, malaria, beri-beri
A

AMERICAN MILITARY GOVERNMENT

34
Q
  • Retrogression rather than progression in so far as the health was concern
  • Increased deaths from smallpox, cholera, typhoid, malaria, beri-beri and TB
  • Re-organization happened (re-organized the health service and encouraged effective supervision
A

JONES LAW YEARS

35
Q

Retrogression rather than progression in so far as the health was concern

A
  1. Increase CDR
  2. Increase IMR
  3. Increase Morbidity
36
Q
  • Process of gaining and maintaining altitude (because the later years under Jones Law was successful)
  • The epidemiology of life threatening diseases was studied – diphtheria, yaws, dengue
  • Research in the field of health was promoted
  • UP School of Public Health was established to train public health leaders
A

THE COMMONWEALTH PERIOD

37
Q

creation of Department of Public Health and Welfare

A

1939,

38
Q

Bureau of Census and Statistics was created to gather vital statistics

A

1940,

39
Q

In spite of development:

A
  1. Inequitable distribution of health services remained a problem
  2. 80% of those who died were never given medical attention
40
Q

During this time, all public health activities were practically paralyzed

A

JAPANESE OCCUPATION

41
Q
  • Manila was selected as Headquarters for the WHO Western Pacific Office
  • Strengthening Health and Dental services in rural areas
A

POST WORLD WAR II

42
Q

creation of several offices

A

Re-organization of DOH

43
Q

Re-organization of DOH – creation of several offices

A
  1. Dental Health Services
  2. Malaria Education Services
  3. Disease Intelligence Center
  4. Food and Drug Administration
  5. National Schistosomiasis Control Commission
  6. National Nutrition Program
44
Q

Initiation of programs with multilateral assistance

A
  1. WHO and UNICEF assisted TB and BCG programs
  2. TB control program as basic service of RHU
  3. TB sputum case finding by microscopy
  4. Serum and vaccine production in Alabang
  5. Expanded MCH and Mental Health Program
  6. Training programs for Midwives
  7. Strengthened graduate health programs at the UP-CPH
45
Q

Rizal Development Project

A
  1. Restructuring of the DOH Rural Health Care Delivery System
  2. Each barrio was provided with midwife
  3. For, the first time, dengue virus was isolated from typical H fever cases
46
Q
  • Creation of National Economic Development Authority (NEDA)
  • Department of Health was renamed as Ministry of Health (MOH)
A

MARTIAL LAW YEARS

47
Q
  • Implementation of restructure health care delivery system (primary, secondary, tertiary)
  • Construction of tertiary hospitals (Phil. Heart Center, Lung Center, Kidney Center, Lund Center,
    Lungsod ng Kabataan – PCMC)
A

Formulation of National Health Plan

48
Q
  • Promotive and preventive are rather than curative care
  • Philippines was the first country to implement PHC
A

Adaption of the Primary Health Care (PHC)

49
Q
  • Nationwide program providing supplementary food for infants and pre-school and school children
A

Launching of Operation Timbang and Mothercraft

50
Q

Progress in Public Health research:

A

a. Nutrition council of the Philippines
b. RITM
c. PCHRD

51
Q

to address problems on malnutrition

A

Nutrition council of the Philippines

52
Q

for infectious and tropical diseases

A

RITM

53
Q

mandated to lead, direct and coordinate science and technology activities in health and nutrition

A

PCHRD

54
Q

more provisions on health making comprehensive health care available

A

1987 Constitution

55
Q

CORAZON AQUINO ADMINISTRATION
Major activities influencing public health during this period:

A
  1. Milk Code
  2. Universal child and mother immunization
  3. International safe motherhood initiative was launched to reduced maternal mortality rate
  4. Act prohibiting discrimination against women (RA 6725)
  5. National Epidemic Surveillance System (NESS)
  6. National Drug Policy and Genetics Act
  7. Local Government Code governors and mayors
  8. Organ Donation Act of 1991 (RA 7170)
56
Q

required the marketing of breast milk substitute

A

Milk Code

57
Q

this was made to track down the occurrence of 14 diseases with potentials of causing outbreaks

A

National Epidemic Surveillance System (NESS)

58
Q

ensure the availability of safe, effective and affordable quality drugs (RA 6675)

A

National Drug Policy and Genetics Act

59
Q

from national government to governors and mayors – devolution (RA 7160)

A

Local Government Code

60
Q

– Legalizing donation of all or body parts after death for specified purpose

A

Organ Donation Act of 1991 (RA 7170)

61
Q

“Health in the Hands of People” and “Let’s DOH it”

A

by then Sec. Juan Flavier

62
Q

BCG, DPT, OPV, MMR

A

National Immunization Day

63
Q

this strategy ensures the survival and health of children through breast feeding

A

Mother and Baby- Friendly Hospital InitiativE

64
Q

DOH and DOST

A

Promotion of Philippine Traditional Medicine

65
Q

transformed 45 government hospitals from disease places to centers of wellness

A

Hospitals as Center of Wellness

66
Q

Anti-smoking campaign

A

Yosi Kadiri

67
Q

aimed to prevent vitamin A, iron and iodine deficiency

A

Araw ng Sangkap Pinoy

68
Q

Family planning program

A

Kung Sila’y Mahal Mo Magplano

69
Q

Consumer Act of the Philippines- an act providing penalties for manufacture, distribution and sales of adulterated
foods, drugs and cosmetics

A

RA 7394

70
Q

Special protection of children against child abuse, exploitation and discrimination`

A

RA 7610

71
Q

which created the Philippines National AIDS Council as a national policy and advisory body in the prevention and
control of HIV-AIDS

A

EO 39

72
Q

Senior Citizen’s Act – which grant benefits and special privileges in order to maximize the contributions of senior
citizens to nation building

A

RA 7432

73
Q

The National Blood Services Act of 1994 which was passed to promote voluntary blood donation

A

RA 7719

74
Q

An act for Salt Iodization Nationwide (ASIN) – providing salt iodization nationwide approved in 1996 and renamed
FIDEL (Fortified for Iodine Elimination)

A

RA 8172

75
Q

to eliminate polio measles and neonatal tetanus

A

Expanded Program on Immunization (Oplan Alis Disease)

76
Q

vitamin A, iron and iodine utilization (Araw ng Sangkap Pinoy)

A

Nutrition

77
Q

– it has been forecast that by the year 2020, the urban population comprise 65 to 75% of the total population
- The chaotic growth of cities will result in a multitude of economic and social problems.
- The rise of slums, criminality, disease and unemployment
- Overcrowding, inadequate housing facilities, poor environmental sanitation

A

URBANIZATION

78
Q
  • more women joining the work force. This may or may not have adverse effect on the family. Care of
    children will be entrusted to caretakers
  • Occupational hazards become a major concern
  • Air, soil and water pollutions
A

INDUSTRIALIZATION

79
Q

environmental degradation caused by deforestation, deterioration of seas and rivers due to industrial waste, indiscriminate disposal of waste. All these lead to ecological imbalance and pave the way for the emergence of the new types of microorganisms.

A

ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN

80
Q

the discriminate consumption and overuse of antibiotics have resulted in drug-resistant bacteria, viruses and parasites. Switching from inexpensive penicillin to other drugs increased treatment costs which are beyond the reach of the poor.

A

THE REVENGE OF THE GERMS

CPHM (12 decks)

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