NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES Flashcards
1
Q
is a disease that is not spread through contact.
A
Noncommunicable Disease
2
Q
– Are caused by how people live, conditions they are born with, or environmental hazards.
– Are not spread by contact because most are not caused by germs. Instead they are the breakdown in body cells and tissues.
A
Noncommunicable Disease
3
Q
– Cause further breakdown, or degeneration in body cells and tissues as they progress
A
Degenerative Diseases
4
Q
– Are present either continuously or off and on over a long period of time
– May develop as a result of a person’s lifestyle behaviors or substances in a person’s environment
A
Chronic Diseases
5
Q
– In most cases there are no cure for either genetic disorders or birth defects
A
Diseases Present at Birth
6
Q
one in which the body does not develop or function normally because of an inherited problem
A
Genetic Disorder
7
Q
disorders of the developing and newborn baby, causes unknown
A
Birth Defect
8
Q
– Risk Factors are certain characteristics that increase a person’s chances of developing the disease.
– Many diseases are the direct or indirect result of harmful
lifestyle behaviors. Healthful lifestyle behaviors, on the other
hand, can help prevent or control certain diseases and
disorders.
A
Diseases Resulting from Lifestyle Behaviors
9
Q
– Many diseases are caused by hazards in the environment
– Examples of harmful substances that may be present in
the environment: Fumes for chemicals, second hand smoke, radon, asbestos
A
Diseases Caused by the Environment
10
Q
NCDs overriding infectious diseases and double burden of diseases in many developing countries.
A
Epidemiological
11
Q
tobacco use is increasing, diets are rapidly changing, physical activity reduces, alcohol use increases, obesity, hypertension
are increasing in most parts of the world, while undernutrition remains a severe issue
A
Lifestyles
12
Q
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
A
- Sudden onset
- Single cause
- Short natural history
- Cure is achieved
- Single disciple
- Short follow up
13
Q
NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASE
A
- Gradual onset
- Multiple etiology
- Long natural history
- Care predominates
- Multidisciplinary
- Prolonged follow-up
14
Q
% of global deaths are due to NCDs
A
60%
15
Q
% of cancer preventable
A
40%
16
Q
% of cardiovascular diseases, stroke and diabetes is preventable
A
80%
17
Q
4 Common Risk Factors responsible for majority of NCDs
A
- Inactivity
- Tobacco
- Alcohol
- Unhealthy Diet
18
Q
Major NCDs have shared preventable risk factors
A
- Tabacco Use
- Unhealthy Diet
- Physical Inactivity
- Harmful use of alcohol
19
Q
% of Filipinos has one or more of these 6 prevalent risk
factors:
A
90%
20
Q
% Risk factor of Physical inactivity
A
60.5%
21
Q
% Risk factor of Smoking
A
34..8%
22
Q
% Risk factor of Hypertension
A
22.5%
23
Q
% Risk factor of Hypercholesterolemia
A
8.5%
24
Q
% Risk factor of Overweight
A
20%
25
% Risk factor of Obesity
4.9%
26
% Risk Factor of Diabetes
4.6%
27
% of national population eat fruit & vegetables more than four times a day
19%
28
Recommended standard intake of fruits
100% eating FIVE servings DAILY
29
Total daily requirement intake of fruits must be
400g/capita
30
fruit Actual consumption is only
111g/capita
31
Current Use of Tabacco Product Among Adolescent Both Sexes
22%
32
Current Use of Tabacco Product Among Adolescent Boy
34%
33
Current Use of Tabacco Product Among Adolescent Girl
14%
34
% of Filipinos 15-74 years regularly drink alcoholic beverages (>4 days/week)
11%
35
% of Filipinos 15-19 years are current drinkers (2001 survey
n=10,240)
24%
36
% of Filipinos 15-27 years are current drinkers (2002 survey n=20,000)
42%
37
Follows the causation pathway of NCDs and supports the
following actions:
– Environmental Interventions
– Lifestyle Interventions
– Clinical Interventions
– Advocacy
– Research and Surveillance
– Political and Community Leadership, Intersectoral Partnerships and Community Mobilization
– Health systems strengthening
38
Causation Pathway Underlying Determinants
-Globalization
- Urbanization
- Population Ageing
39
Causation Pathway Common Risk Factors
- Unhealthy Diet
- Tabacco and Alcohol Use
- Age
- Heredity
40
Causation Pathway Intermediate Risk Factors
- Raised blood sugar
- Raised blood pressure
- Abnormal blood lipids
- Overweight/obesity
41
Causation Pathway Main chronic Diseases
- Heart diseases
- Cancer
- Stroke
- Chronic Respiratory diseases
- Diabetes
42
Environmental Interventions
- Governance
- Policy and Legislation
- Creating supportive built environment
43
Lifestyle Interventions
- Behavioral interventions
- Improving the built environment
- Information and education
44
Clinical Interventions
- Clinical Preventive Services
- Risk factor deterction and control
- Acute care
- Chronic care and rehabilitation
- Palliative care
45
* Like other cells, the cells of your heart need oxygen and nutrients. The arteries that supply your heart muscles with blood are called coronary arteries.
Heart Disease
46
condition in which fatty substances (ex- cholesterol) in the
blood are deposited on the walls of the arteries
Atherosclerosis
47
a fatty substance that causes that causes atherosclerosis, some cholesterol is produced by the body, certain foods also contain cholesterol
Cholesterol
48
hardening of the arteries. Slows flow of blood and is a major
cause of high blood pressure.
Arteriosclerosis
49
When the flow of blood is reduced, blood clots may form within the blood vessels. When a coronary artery is blocked, the result can be a
heart attack
50
When an artery in the brain is blocked the result can be a
stroke
51
force of the blood on the inside walls of the blood vessels.
Blood Pressure
52
– Typical blood pressure for teens is 110/70
– Your blood pressure is not the same at all times. It may Increase while exercising or under stress and my lower when at rest.
High blood Pressure
53
when the blood pressure is consistently higher then normal.
Hypertension (high blood pressure)
54
4 factors that increase your chances of having high blood pressure
* Eating a large amount of salt
* Being overweight
* Feeling extreme stress for long periods of time
* Having a family history of high blood pressure
55
Risk Factors for Heart Disease
– Not within a person’s control:
– Within a person’s control:
56
Not within a person’s control:
* Age
* Gender
* Race
* Family history
57
Within a person’s control:
* Weight
* Exercise
* Diet
* Tobacco
58
replacing diseased heart with healthy heart from a donor
Heart Transplant
59
remove a vein from the leg and form a detour around the blockage
Bypass Surgery
60
medications are used to dissolve the clots
Dissolving Blood Clots
61
is defined as sustained elevation in mean arterial pressure. It is not a single disease state but a disorder with many causes, a variety of symptoms and a range of responses to therapy
HYPERTENSION (HPN)
62
HPN has no definite cause
Primary HPN
63
usually result of some other primary diseases leading to HPN such as renal disease
Secondary HPN
64
There is no single cause for HPN but several risk factors
have been implicated in its development:
* Family History
* Age
* High salt intake
* Obesity
* Excessive alcohol intake
65
Key areas for prevention of HPN:
* Encourage proper nutrition
* Prevent becoming overweight/obese
* Smoking cessation
* Identify people at risk and encourage regular check-up
66
* it is a heart disease caused by impaired coronary blood
flow
* when the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged, supply of blood and oxygen to the heart muscle is affected
* when there is decreased oxygen supply to the heart muscle, chest pain occurs (angina)
* CAD can cause myocardial infarction (heart attack), arrhythmias, heart failure and sudden death
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
67
it is also known as Ischemic Heart Disease
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
68
The most common cause is the thickening of the inside wall of the arteries due to deposition of fat-like substance (atherosclerosis). It usually occurs when a person has high levels of cholesterol in the blood
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
69
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Risk factors:
Modifiable risk factors
* High lipid and cholesterol level in the blood = high LDL
* Smoking
* Obesity
* Physical inactivity or sedentary lifestyle
* Stress
70
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Risk factors:
Non-modifiable risk factors
* Hereditary or family history
* Gender
* Age
71
Key areas for prevention of CAD
* Promote regular physical activity and exercise
* Encourage proper nutrition by limiting intake of saturated fats that increase LDL, limiting salt intake and increasing intake of dietary fibers
* Prevent becoming overweight
72
* Loss or alteration of bodily function that results from an insufficient supply of blood to some parts of the brain. If blood is obstructed for more than several minutes, injury to the brain cells becomes permanent and tissue dies in the affected region resulting in cerebral infarction
Cerebrovascular Disease or Stroke
73
usually occurs in atherosclerotic blood vessel commonly seen in older people
Thrombotic stroke
74
caused by a moving blood clot usually from a thrombus in the left heart that becomes lodged in a small artery through which it cannot pass
Embolic stroke
75
most fatal type of stroke, rupture of intracerebral blood vessel
Hemorrhagic stroke
76
Cerebrovascular Disease or Stroke Risk factors:
* Increasing age
* Sex – women
* Hereditary and race
* Hypertension
* Cigarette smoking
* Diabetes mellitus
* Heart disease
* High RBC count – thicken the blood and make clots more likely
* Season and climate
* Socio-economic factors
* Certain kinds of drug abuse
77
Cerebrovascular Disease or Stroke
Key areas for prevention of stroke:
* Treatment and control HPN
* Smoking cessation
* Limit alcohol consumption
* Avoid intravenous drug abuse
* Prevent all other risk factors of atherosclerosis
78
* develops when cells in a part of the body begin to grow out of control. cells continue to grow and divide even when there is no need to do so. Instead of dying they outlive normal cells and continue to form new abnormal cells. They compete with normal cells for the blood supply and nutrients
* often travel to other parts of the body where they begin to grow and replace normal tissue – metastasis
CANCER
79
agent capable of causing cancer, maybe chemical,
environmental agent, radiation
Carcinogens
80
are chemicals found in cigarette smoke, industrial agents and in smoked foods
Polycyclic hydrocarbon
81
produced when meat and fish are charcoal broiled or smoked, also produced when food is fried in fat that has been reused repeatedly
Benzopyrene
82
powerful carcinogens used as preservatives in foods
like tocino, longganisa bacon, hotdogs
Nitrosamines
83
UV rays from sunlight, x-rays
Radiation
84
found in peanuts and peanut butter
Aflatoxin
85
are not cancerous
Benign Tumor
86
cancerous
Malignant Tumor
87
In the final stage, cancer cells from malignant tumors may enter the bloodstream or lymph system and travel to other parts of the body and form new tumors. The spreading of cancer cells is called
metastasis
88
What Causes Cancer?
– Factors that are inherited
– Lifestyle behaviors
– Carcinogens-
89
Cancer be Diagnosed through
* Routine Physical Examination
* Blood Tests
* Biopsy- small piece of tissue is removed for testing in a lab
90
Warning Signs of Cancer
CAUTION
C hange in bowel or bladder habits
A sore that does not heal
U nusual bleeding or discharge
T hickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
I ndigestion or difficulty swallowing
O bvious change in a wart or mole
N agging cough or hoarseness
91
Treatment of Cancer
– Surgery- remove cancer cells from the body
– Radiation- X-rays, or other radioactive substances are
aimed at a tumor
– Chemotherapy- chemicals are used to destroy cancer
cells
92
remove cancer cells from the body
Surgery
93
X-rays, or other radioactive substances are aimed at a tumor
Radiation
94
chemicals are used to destroy cancer cells
Chemotherapy
95
Risk factors of cancer:
Tobacco smoking, second hand smoke, radiation exposure
Lung cancer
96
Risk factors of cancer:
Tobacco smoking, excessive alcohol use, vitamin A deficiency
Oral cancer
97
Risk factors of cancer: Tobacco smoking, poor nutrition, alcohol, occupational exposure to wood dust, paint fumes, males four to five times more common, age
Laryngeal cancer
98
Risk factors of cancer: Tobacco smoking, occupational exposure to dyes and solvents
Bladder cancer
99
Risk factors of cancer:
Tobacco smoking, obesity, diet, occupational exposure to
asbestos, age
Renal cancer
100
Risk factors of cancer:
Tobacco smoking, HPV infection, Chlamydia infection, diet
(low in fruits and vegetables), family history
Cervical cancer
101
Risk factors of cancer:
Tobacco smoking, male thrice more common, alcohol, diet
(low in fruits and vegetables)
Esophageal cancer
102
Risk factors of cancer: Early menarche or late menopause, high fat diet, obesity, physical inactivity, family history
Breast cancer
103
Risk factors of cancer: Race (more common in black), high fat diet, family history, age
Prostate cancer
104
Risk factors of cancer: Certain types of viral hepatitis, long term exposure to aflatoxin, excessive alcohol intake
Liver cancer
105
Risk factors of cancer: Family history, high fat diet, low fiber diet, age
Colonic cancer
106
Risk factors of cancer: Early menarche, late menopause
Uterine/endometrial cancer
107
Key areas for primary prevention of cancers
* Smoking cessation
* Encourage proper nutrition
* increase intake of dietary fibers
* limit consumption if smoked, charcoal-broiled,
salt cured foods
* drink alcohol beverages in moderation
* control obesity
* early diagnosis and prompt treatment
108
Genetically and clinically heterogeneous group of metabolic disorder characterized by glucose intolerance with hyperglycemia present at time of diagnosis
DIABETES MELLITUS
109
* Characterized by absolute lack of insulin due to damaged pancreas
* Dependent of insulin injections
* Genetic, environment or maybe acquired
TYPE I – Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)
110
* More common, 90-95% of all person with diabetes
* More preventable because it is associated with obesity and diet
* Possible cause include impaired insulin secretion and increased hepatic glucose production
* Usually in older and overweight persons
TYPE II – Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM)
111
develops during pregnancy and may lead to Type II DM
GESTATIONAL DIABETES
112
Risk factors of Type II DM
* Family history
* Overweight and obesity
* Sedentary lifestyle
* Hypertension
113
Key areas for prevention and control of diabetes
* Encourage proper nutrition
* Maintain body weight and prevent obesity
* Promote regular exercise
* Smoking cessation
114
Major cause of chronic morbidity and mortality worldwide – 4th leading cause of mortality. It is a disease characterized by
airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. The airflow limitation is usually progressive and associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious
particles or gases
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)
115
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)
Causes and risk factors:
* Smoking is the primary cause of COPD
* It is usually due to chronic bronchitis and emphysema
* Age
116
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)
Complications:
* Respiratory failure
* Cardiovascular disease
117
SCREENING FOR DIABETES MELLITUS
Ask the patient (for adults 20 years and above)
* Family history of diabetes
* Polyuria
* Polydypsia
* Polyphagia
* Unexplained weight loss
