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CHILD PSY 235 > Seeing, Thinking, Doing in infancy (CH 5) > Flashcards

Seeing, Thinking, Doing in infancy (CH 5) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 domains of development?

A
  • Cognition
  • Perception
  • Action
  • Learning
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2
Q

What are the enduring themes?

A
  • Active child
  • Continuity/ discontinuity (relation of behavior to subsequent development)
  • Mechanisms of change (Variability & selection)
  • Socio-Cultural
  • Nature & nurture
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3
Q

What is Sensation?

A

-Processing of basic info from external world by sensory receptors in our sense organs (eyes, ears, skin, etc)

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4
Q

What is Perception?

A

-Process of organizing & interpreting sensory info about objects, events, & spatial layout of the world

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5
Q

What is true about the vision of Newborns?

A
  • They begin to explore visually= scanning, gazing
  • Vision improves rapidly in their first few months
  • Attracted to moving stimuli but have trouble tracking bc their eye movements are jerky
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6
Q

What are the 2 methods that are used to study sensory & perceptual development in infants?

A
  • Preferential Looking Technique

- Habituation

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7
Q

What is Preferential Looking Technique?

A
  • 2 different stimuli are presented side by side= baby can look at one longer= demonstrates that it can differentiate & that it has a preference
  • Other ways is w/ eye movement trackers
  • Enables researchers & eye care pros to assess Visual Acuity
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8
Q

What is Habituation?

A
  • Another technique
  • Involves presenting infant w/ stimulus until they don’t respond to it (Habituate)
  • After they habituate, a novel stimuli is presented &; if they respond to it (Dishabituate) then it demonstrates that baby can discriminate between old & new stimuli
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9
Q

What is Visual Acuity?

A
  • How clearly an infant can see

- Develops so rapidly that an 8 month old is at about the same level as adults

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10
Q

What is Contrast sensitivity?

A

-Ability to detect differences in light & dark areas in a visual pattern

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11
Q

What is true about infants &; their Contrast Sensitivity?

A

-They have weak contrast sensitivity because they can detect a pattern ONLY when it is composed of highly contrasting elements

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12
Q

Why do infants have poor Contrast Sensitivity?

A
  • Immaturity of cone cells in infant’s retinas= light sensitive neurons are highly concentrated in Fovea but they’re cones are 4x further apart than adults so infants only catch 2% of light
  • 1st month or so= don’t percieve differences between white & color (2 mos+ have similar color vision to adults)
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13
Q

How do infants respond to color?

A
  • At 2 mos or so, they have similar color vision to adults
  • Their brain respond to a change of one color in one category to a new color in another category
  • Brain doesn’t respond to new color in same category
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14
Q

What is true about the visual scanning of a 4 month old?

A

-Able to track objects smoothly ONLY if they’re moving slowly

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15
Q

Why is early-developing aspect of perceptual development important?

A
  • Can be an important predictor of later cognitive development
  • Preterm infants (perceptual & neural systems are immature) develop smooth visual tracking later vs full term infants
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16
Q

Why is Visual Scanning so important for infants?

A

-It allows them to have active control over what they observe & learn

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17
Q

Why do infants prefer faces?

A
  • Prominent aspect of their environment

- 1 mo old will scan perimeter vs a 2 mo old scanning the details of middle of face

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18
Q

What will infants begin to learn when they observe Talking Faces?

A
  • Begin to draw connections between motor actions &; sound= basis of their native language
  • When infants do start babbling they will fixate on the mouths of others more
  • Bilingual infants will pay attention to the mouth earlier
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19
Q

What is Perceptual Constancy?

A

-The perception of objects being constant in size, shape, color, etc in spite of the physical differences in the retinal image of the object

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20
Q

What is Object Segregation?

A

-Perception of boundries between objects

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21
Q

How do infants use object movement as a cue for object segregation?

A

-Treating independent motion of one object that may be sitting on top of the other as a cue that they are separate entities

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22
Q

What is Common Movement?

A
  • Cue that leads infants to perceive contrasting elements moving together as part of unitary object
  • Works bc it draws their attention to relevant aspects of the scene
  • Must be learned (2 mos= demonstrate the use of C.M)
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23
Q

How does culture affect the visual pattern of infants?

A
  • Culture can influence attention to visual world
  • Must be learned (parents & how they pay attention to other things/ mom’s in east asian countries are more likely to label actions= heightens saliency)
  • Influence scene perception (white babies are likely to focus on objects & asian babies pay attention to actions/ background contexts)
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24
Q

What is Optical Expansion?

A
  • When the visual image of an object increases in size as the object occludes (comes out) of background
  • If an object expands symmetrically, then baby responds by blinking
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25
Q

What is true about defensive blinking?

A
  • Infants at 1 mo blink defensively at expanding image that may hit them
  • Brain maturation & postnatal visual experience is crucial for this development
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26
Q

What is Binocular Disparity?

A
  • Since our eyes are spaced apart, the signal of the retinal image that is sent to our brains ARE NOT IDENTICAL
  • The CLOSER the object, the GREATER disparity between signals
  • The FURTHER the object the LESS disparity between signals
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27
Q

What is Stereopsis?

A
  • The process where Visual Cortex combines the different neural signals from the retinal image from Binocular Disparity &; combining them to form depth perception
  • Results of Experience-Expectant Plasticity
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28
Q

When is Stereopsis developed?

A
  • Emerges at 4 mos

- Completes within a few weeks after that

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29
Q

What is Binocular Vision?

A

-Both eyes working together to compute depth cues &; other aspects of the visual scene

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30
Q

How is Stereopsis a form of Experience-Expectant Plasticity?

A
  • Binocular vision is natural function of brain
  • If infant is deprived of that normal visual input, then they will not develop binocular vision which will cause them to struggle with depth cues
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31
Q

What is Strabismus?

A
  • Crossed eyes
  • Disorder where 2 eyes don’t line up in same direction
  • If not corrected before 3yrs old then they’re gonna struggle with binocular vision
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32
Q

At what age do kids become sensitive to Monocular Depth Cues?

A

6-7 mos

they use relative size as a cue to depth

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33
Q

What is Monocular Depth Cues?

A
  • AKA Pictorial Depth Cues (Interposition=nearer objects occulude the ones further away & Convergence of Lines & Relative size)
  • Denote depth when only one eye is open &; can be used to potray depth in pictures
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34
Q

What’s true about Auditory Perception in Infants?

A
  • Theres hella improvements from outer &; middle ear to the inner ear over the course of their infancy
  • At 1 yr is when the auditory pathways in brain mature significantly
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35
Q

What is Sound Localization/ (orienting response)?

A
  • Perception of spatial localization of a sound source
  • Infants will turn their heads in the direction that sound is coming from
  • BUT newborns ARE TERRIBLE at determining the spatial location of sound vs older infants
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36
Q

Why are newborns so bad at determining the spatial location of a sound?

A
  • Their heads are smol= differences in timing & loudness of info arriving at each ear is smaller
  • Development of Auditory Map requires multimodal experiences which plays a role in integrating info that they hear w/ what they see &; touch
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37
Q

Since infants are so bad at determining the spatial location of sound, then what are they GOOD at?

A
  • Detecting patterns in sound

- Can detect subtle differences in human speech

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38
Q

What are the 3 Cues that infants use for depth perception?

A
  • Binocular Vision
  • Stereopsis
  • Monocular (Pictoral) vision
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39
Q

What is the EARLY preference for face perception?

A
  • “Top Heavy patterns”
  • Contrast &; shadow capture their attention
  • Areas of contrast stimulate neurons= forming neural connections
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40
Q

What is the LATER preference for face perception?

A
  • Influenced by meaning &; experience
  • Preference for female faces over male @ 3 mos
  • “Other race” effect is evident by 9 mos
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41
Q

What role does Perceptual Narrowing play in Facial Perception?

A
  • Occurs later when infants go through specific experiences w/ faces in their enviornment
  • More atuned to faces of their “own kind/race”
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42
Q

Why do infants prefer intant-directed singing vs singing that is directed to adults?

A
  • Higher pitch= more positive effect

- Mothers smile more

43
Q

What does it mean that infants prefer constant sounds over dissonant?

A
  • Show’s as early as 2 day olds
  • Preference is also evident in species
  • Preference is UNRELATED to mucical experience
44
Q

What makes infant so GOOD at music perception?

A
  • They’re able to detect changes of notes within key AND out side of key vs just adults detecting different notes outside of key
  • They’re sensitive to aspects of musical rhythm
45
Q

What causes infants to be so GOOD at music perception?

A

-They’re more likely to lack implicit knowledge of western music= that Perceptual Narrowing hasn’t run its course yet

46
Q

What role does Perceptual Narrowing play in musical perception in infants?

A
  • W/ experience, they become more attuned to patterns in biological &; social stimuli in their enviornment
  • So they “lose” their ability to detect changes in pitch unless their parents have musical abilities
47
Q

What is Perceptual Narrowing?

A

-Developmental changes that leads younger learner to “lose” ability to make distinctions that they used to make at an earlier point in their development

48
Q

What flavor shows in early preference?

A

-Sweet!

49
Q

What role does Smell play?

A
  • Helps w/ identifying mother

- 2 day old infants where more attracted to mother’s scent infused pad vs another womans

50
Q

What is the purpose of infant touching things?

A

-To learn more about their enviornment

51
Q

Why is Oral Exploration important?

A
  • Infants learn more about their bodies as well as about texture, taste, & other properties of objects
  • This mode of exploration dominants the first few months of life
52
Q

How does the increased control of arm movement contribute to tactile development?

A
  • at 4 mos they’re more able to manually explore
  • They’ll rub, finger, probe, & bang objects together which will lead to actions becoming specific to the properties of objects
53
Q

What is Intermodal Perception?

A
  • Combining info from 2 or more sensory systems (seeing &; touching, hearing &; seeing etc)
  • Facilitated by sensory experience
54
Q

What kind of Intermodal Perceptions do infants show?

A
  • Oral & visual experience

- Auditory- visual

55
Q

What would be an example of Oral &; Visual intermodal perception?

A

-Looking at a picture the pacifier that they just sucked for longer

56
Q

What would be an example of Auditory-Visual intermodal perception?

A

-Infant responding more to a video where the sound track that is being played independantly fits bc they detect common structure in in auditory & visual info

57
Q

What happens at around 4 mos in terms of Auditory-Visual intermodal perception?

A
  • They can draw more abstract connections between sight & sound= looking longer where the modalities are congruent
  • EX; matching whistle sound pitch to ball rising & falling
58
Q

What is Synesthesia & why would infants be more likely to experience it?

A
  • Stimulus in one modality leads to a percept in another

- Infants are more likely to experience it bc the neural connections between brain areas aren’t pruned yet

59
Q

What is the McGurk effect?

A
  • Audio-Visual blending illusion
  • Man mouths ga but audio says ba so we hear da becasue the D sound comes from a position in between the B & G sounds
  • 4.5 mo olds experience hearing Da too
60
Q

How is Perceptual Narrowing evident in Intermodal Perception?

A

-Younger infants can detect correspondances between speech sounds &; facial movements from unnative language/ speech sounds while older infants can’t

61
Q

What are reflexes?

A

-Innate/ fixed patterns that occur in response to particular stimulation

62
Q

What are the 6 types of neonate reflexes?

A
  • Grasping
  • Rooting (turning their head in the direction of touch)
  • Sucking
  • Swallowing
  • Tonic neck (when arm that is on the same side as turned head is extended & the rest are flexed= maybe help keep their hand in view?)
  • Stepping reflex (disappears as baby gains weight)
  • REFLEXES ARE NOT AUTOMATIC
63
Q

What is an indication of neurlogical problems interms of neonate relfexes?

A
  • If they continue past the time that they are expected to disappear
  • Reflexes that are unusually weak or unsually vigorous
64
Q

How can culture influence Motor development?

A
  • Some cultures encourage while others discourage locomotion
  • The cultures that encourage locomotion located in safer areas
  • Sub-Saharan Africa practice Motor exercises to strengthen babies muscles
  • Babies walk better naked (without modern toiltery invention)
65
Q

What do theorists emphasize about early motor development?

A
  • Results from a confluence of different factors
  • Factors include developing of neural mechs, strength, posture control, balance, perceptual skils, changes in body proportions &; overall motivation
66
Q

What is the relationship between increased mobilty & development in other areas?

A
  • Infants gain pleasure from pushing the envelope of their motor skills
  • The wider the variety of movements that they’re able to do= the more they get to learn about the world &; interact w/ environment
  • Results in advantage in Perceptual & Cognitive Development bc they’re better able to seek out new opportunities for stimulation
67
Q

Why does Reaching take so long to develop?

A
  • Bc it involves a complext interaction between multiple independent components
  • Including muscle development, postural control, development of various perceptual & motor skills etc
68
Q

What are Pre-Reaching Movements?

A

-Clumsy swiping of movements by young infants toward objects they see

69
Q

What is so great about fully developing Reaching abilites?

A
  • Infant will now be able to reach out &; grasp objects w/o aids
  • Increased exploration
70
Q

At what age do infants begin to sucessfully reach for stuff?

A

3-4 mos

-Intially jerky &; poorly controlled &; often fail to grab

71
Q

At what age do infants sit independently &; what occurs?

A
  • 7 mos
  • Reaching becomes stable, smooth, &; straight
  • They enlarge their sphere of action bc they have the ability to LEAN forward= helps w/ visual perception & have a sense to how long their arms are
72
Q

What is the relationship between Sitting &; Visual Perception?

A
  • Infants w/ better sitting &; manual skills= better at perceiving complete 3-D objects from a limited view
  • Infatns can reach for things making noise in the dark
73
Q

How does Reaching show signs of anticipation?

A
  • When reaching towards a larger object they’ll open their fingers widely &; adjust hand for orientation of object
  • Anticipate tradjectory of a ball/ object being thrown &; reaching for it
  • At 10 mos, approach to an object depends on what they plan to do with it (reaching faster for an object that they plan to throw)
  • BUT anticipation skills remain limited for a while
74
Q

How does Reaching have a Social Component?

A

-Infants are more likely to reach for objects further away if any adult was there to help them

75
Q

When do infants begin to show signs of Self-Locomotion?

A
  • Around 8 mos

- Starts off as crawling or idiosyncratic ways of self-propulsion

76
Q

What is it like begin walking independently?

A
  • Feet are wide apart= increases their base of support
  • Flex @ hip & knee= lowering center of gravity
  • Keep hands in air=Facilitate balance
  • Have both feet on the ground 60% of the time
77
Q

How does walking change when they gain experience?

A
  • Steps are longer, straighter, consistent

- Profiency in walking/ motor tasks is predicted by the number of days since they first began to engage in that behavior

78
Q

What is the relationship between Locomotion & Perception?

A
  • Babies won’t cross to the deep side of visual cliff
  • Infants have to learn from experience how to integrate perceptual info w/ each new motor skill= gotta learn what they can & can’t do w/ respect to each new motor skill (what they learn in crawling doesn’t transfer to walking)
79
Q

What are Scale Errors?

A
  • Child treating minature objects like “life size” ones by sitting on tiny chairs, slides, etc
  • Occurs bc they fail to integrate visual info represented in 2 different areas of the brain in the service of action
80
Q

What are the 8 types of learning?

A
  • Habituation
  • Perceptual learning
  • Statistical learning
  • Classical conditioning
  • Instrumental conditioning
  • Observational learning/ imitation
  • Rational learning
  • Active learning
81
Q

What is Habituation?

A
  • Simplest form of learning= being able to recognize something that has experienced before
  • The rate at which an infant habituates reflects general efficiency of their processing= babies who habituate faster tend to have higher IQs
82
Q

What is Perceptual Learning?

A
  • Paying close attention to objects they perceive
  • The key process is Differentiation
  • An important part is the infant’s discovery of Affordances
  • Underlies process of perceptual narrowing
83
Q

What is differentiation?

A
  • Extracting relationships that remain constant from ever-changing environment
  • This ability involved in the development of intermodal perception
84
Q

What is Affordances?

A

-Possibilities for action offered or afforded by objects and situations (small objects afford the possibility of picking up

85
Q

How do infants discover Affordances out?

A

-By figuring out the relations between their bodies and abilities and the things around them
(learning solid/ stable flat surfaces are best for walking)

86
Q

What is Statistical learning?

A
  • Involves picking up info from environment, specifically detecting statistically predictable patterns
  • Since newborns track statistical regularities, statistical learning mechs are available at birth or before
  • Vital component in language learning (infants prefer certain patterns over others)
87
Q

What is Classical Conditioning?

A
  • A form of learning that consists of pairing a neutral stimulus with one that already elicits a natural response
  • Displayed by newborn infants
88
Q

What is an Unconditioned Stimulus?

A

-Stimulus that reliably elicits reflexive, unlearned response (unconditioned response)

89
Q

What is a Conditioned Stimulus?

A
  • The neutral stimulus that is repeatedly paired just before unconditioned stimulus
  • Eventually the reflexive response becomes a learned behavior (conditioned response)
90
Q

What is Instrumental Conditioning?

A
  • AKA Operant Conditioning

- Learning the realtionship between one’s own behavior & the consequences it results in

91
Q

What is Observational Learning/ imitation?

A
  • Imitating the behavior of others
  • Used to acquire both instrumental skills (object related knowledge) & social conventions (rituals & other behaviors specific to social group)
  • Based on the anaylsis of person’s intentions
92
Q

When is Observational Learning more robust?

A

-By second half of first year= imitation of facial gestures, novel/strange actions that are perfomed on other objects

93
Q

What area is responsible for imitation?

A

-Mirror Neuron system

94
Q

What is Rational Learning?

A

-Ability to use prior experiences to predict what will occur in the future

95
Q

What is Active learning?

A

-Learning by acting on the world & testing hypothesis on how things work

96
Q

What is the Nativist side on Cognition?

A
  • Infants are born posess innate knowledge of the physical world=2 objects cannot occupy the same space
  • Infants posess rudimentary understanding in the domans of biology & psychlogy
97
Q

What is the Constructivist side on Cognition?

A
  • Theres specialized learning mechanisms that enable infants to acquire knowledge effectively & rapidly
  • Infant’s mental representations of the world are gradually aquired & strengthened through General learning mech
98
Q

What is Violation of Expectancy and what does it demonstrate?

A
  • Procedure used to study infant cognition that violates something that the infant know to be true
  • Infants as young as 3.5 months looked longer at impossible event
99
Q

What research methods are used to represent that infants can represent objects continued existance?

A
  • Reaching in the dark

- Visual attention

100
Q

When does an infant’s Knowledge about the Physical world start?

A
  • As young as 1 year infants know that objects don’t float in middair, that an inadequately supported object will fall, non-round object will stay put on a stable surface
  • 5 month olds understand key differences between liquids & solids
101
Q

What’s an important aspect of Social Knowledge and when does it develop?

A
  • Understanding that the behavior of others has purpose & is goal directed
  • Emerges at around 6 mos, also shows preference for characters that are shown in a more positive light
102
Q

How do infants understand the intentions of others?

A

-Figuring out what kinds of objects have intentions

103
Q

What cues to babies use when observing other humans?

A

-Eye-gaze & infant directed speech= used if they should follow the actor’s gaze

CHILD PSY 235 (10 decks)

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