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CHILD PSY 235 > Intro to Child Development (CH 1) > Flashcards

Intro to Child Development (CH 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is Metanalysis?

A

-Method for combining the results of independent studies to reach a conclusion based on all of them

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2
Q

Who are Nativists?

A
  • Major group of contemporary psychologists & philosophers
  • Believe evolution created hella cool capabilities that are present in infancy
  • Understanding the basic properties of physical objects= plants, animals, & other people
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3
Q

Who are Empiricists?

A
  • Major group of contemporary psychologists & philosophers
  • Believe that children already possess general learning mechanisms= allow them to learn quickly
  • Infant & young children lack the special capabilities that nativists claim
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4
Q

What did Plato believe about children?

A

-Children have innate knowledge= are born w/ concept of animals= allows children to recognize dogs, cats, other creatures they’ve encountered

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5
Q

What did Aristotle believe about children?

A

-All knowledge comes from experience= the mind is like a blackboard where nothing is written

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6
Q

What was Locke’s view on Children?

A
  • English philosopher (1632-1704)
  • Viewed child as a blank slate (Tabla rasa)
  • Development largely reflects nurture provided by parents & society
  • Parents must exemplify honesty, stability, gentleness
  • Parents must avoid over-indulging their child at an early age
  • Authority should be relaxed with age= child will act more mature
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7
Q

What was Rousseau’s view on Children?

A
  • French philosopher (1712-1788)
  • Parents & society should give children freedom from the beginning
  • Freedom= allows the child to learn from their own adventures w/ objects & people
  • Children should receive an education until age 12= “Age of Reason”
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8
Q

What was Freud’s theory?

A
  • Psychoanalytic Theory

- Biological drives especially sexual ones= crucial influence on their development

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9
Q

What was Watson’s theory?

A
  • Behaviorist Theory
  • Children’s development is determined by biological factors especially rewards & punishments that follow their actions
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10
Q

What’s Nature?

A
  • Biological endowment
  • Genes from our parents= influence every aspect of our makeup= broad characteristics like appearance, personality, intellect
  • Also mental health to specific preferences, political views & propensity to thrill seeking
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11
Q

What’s Nurture?

A
  • Wide range of enviorments a child is reared in= physical & social
  • Includes womb
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12
Q

What’s a Genome?

A
  • Each persons complete set of hereditary info
  • Influences behavior & experiences, vise-versa
  • Contains proteins that regulate gene expression by turning gene activity on & off
  • Can change response to activity w/o structurally altering DNA= changes in cognition, behavior, emotion
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13
Q

What is Epigenetics?

A

-Study of stable changes in gene expression that are mediated by environment

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14
Q

What is Methylation?

A
  • Biochem process = reduces expression of variety of genes & is involved in regulating reactions to stress
  • Influences behavior by suppressing gene activity & expression
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15
Q

What is Continuous Development?

A

-The idea that changes w/ age occur gradually= pine tree growing taller & taller

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16
Q

What is Discontinuous Development?

A

-The idea that changes w/ age include occasional large shifts= Caterpillar to cocoon to butterfly

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17
Q

What are Stage Theories?

A
  • Development occurs in the progression of distinct age-related stages
  • Cocoon to butterfly
  • Entry into new stage= relatively sudden, qualitative changes that affect a child’s thinking/behavior in unified ways
  • Move the child from one way to another to experience the world
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18
Q

What is Cognitive Development?

A
  • Jean Piaget theory
  • Between birth & adolescence= children go through 4 stages of cognitive growth
  • Each stage= characterized by distinct intellectual abilities & ways of understanding the world
  • 2 to 5 yr/old only focus on ONE aspect of info/ event at a time
  • 7 yr/olds= focus & coordinate 2 or more aspects/events
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19
Q

What is Effortful Attention?

A
  • Involves voluntary control of one’s emotion & thoughts
  • Includes process of inhibiting impulses= obeying requests
  • The process of controlling emotions
  • The process of focusing attention
  • Difficulty of exerting this = behavioral problems, weak math & reading, mental illness
  • Learning experiences change the wiring in the brain that produces E.A
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20
Q

What is the role of the Limbic Area?

A

-Plays large role in emotional reactions

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21
Q

What role does Anterior Cingulate & Prefrontal Cortex play?

A

-Involved in setting & attending goals

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22
Q

What are Neurotransmitters?

A

-Chemicals that are involved in communication among brain cells

23
Q

What is the Active Systems in Consolidation Theory?

A
  • Werchan & Gomez
  • Hippocampus & cortex simultaniously encode new info during learning
  • Hippocampus can learn details after 1-2 experiences
  • Cortex= abtraction of general patterns over many experiences
24
Q

How does the Active System in Consolidation Theory work?

A
  • Hippocampal memories= replayed during sleep= cortex extracts patterns
  • The mechanism works in opposite way too
  • Learning general patterns= improves retention & details of new experiences of the same type
  • Before to 18-24 months= Hippocampus not mature to enable rapid learning of details of specific experiences
25
Q

What is Socialcultural Context?

A

-Physical, social, economic & historical circumstances that make up any child’s enviornment

26
Q

What are Cross-Cultural Comparisons?

A

-Reveal practices that are rare/ non-existant in one culture but present in another

27
Q

What does Cumulative Risk?

A
  • Accumulation of disadvantages over the years of development
  • Children raised in poverty= lower chance of parents involved in their schooling
28
Q

What makes each child unique?

A
  • Genes
  • Treatment by other people
  • Subjective reactions to experiences
  • Choice of environment
29
Q

What is the Scientific Method?

A

-All beliefs, no matter how probable may be wrong

30
Q

What does Reliability mean?

A

-The degree to which independent measurements of a given behavior are consistent

31
Q

What is Interrater Reliability?

A
  • Amount of agreement of observations of different raters who witness the same behavior
  • Observations can be qualitative or quanitiative (#’s) scale
32
Q

What is Test-Retest Reliability?

A

-The degree of similarity of a participants performance on 1,2 or more occasions

33
Q

What does Validity mean?

A

-Degree to which a test measures what its intended to measure

34
Q

What is Internal Validity?

A

-The degree to which effects observed within experiments can be attributed to the factor that the researcher is testing

35
Q

What is External Validity?

A

-The degree to which results can be generalized beyond the particulars of the research

36
Q

What is a Structured Interview?

A

-Research procedure where all participants are asked to consider the same questions

37
Q

What is a Clinical Interview?

A
  • Questions are adjusted based on the answers the child gives
  • Provides in-depth info about the individual child
38
Q

What is a Naturalistic Observation?

A
  • Examination of ongoing behavior in enviorment that not controlled by resesarcher
  • Minimizes influence of researcher on kids
  • Impossible to specify how current situation arose
  • Limits researchers opportunity about the behavior
39
Q

What is Structured Observation?

A
  • Presenting identical situation to each participant & recording their behavior
  • Does not provide extensive info about individual children’s subjective experience
  • Can’t provide open-ended everyday kind of data
40
Q

What are Variables?

A

-Attributes that vary across individuals & situations= age, sex, activity level, socioeconomic status, particular expenses

41
Q

What are Correlational Designs?

A
  • Determine if children who differ in one variable also differ in predictable ways in other variables
  • Agressiveness related to daycare
42
Q

What does Correlation mean?

A
  • DOES NOT IMPLY causation
  • Association between 2 variables
  • Strong correlation= accurate prediction
  • Range from 1 to -1
43
Q

What is the Direction-of-Causation Problem?

A

-Concept that correlation between 2 variables does not indicate which is the cause of the other

44
Q

What’s the Third Variable Problem?

A

-Correlation between 2 variables may be result from 3rd, unspecified variable

45
Q

What are Experimental Designs?

A

-Group of approaches= allows inferences about causes & effects to be drawn

46
Q

What are Random Assignments?

A

-Each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to each group of experiment

47
Q

What is Experimental Control?

A

-Researcher determine specific experiences that children in each group encounter during study

48
Q

What is the Experimental Group?

A

-Presented w/ experience of interest

49
Q

What is a Control Group?

A
  • Not presented w/ experiment of interest

- Treated in same way as experimental group

50
Q

What is an Independent Variable?

A

-The experience that participants in the experimental group receive & those in the control group do not recieve

51
Q

What is a Dependent Variable?

A

-Behavior that is measured to determine whether it is affected by exposure to independent variable

52
Q

What is a Cross-Sectional Design?

A
  • Research method
  • Participants of different ages are compared on a given behavior/ characteristic over short period of time
  • Useful for revealing similarities & differences between younger & older children
  • DOES NOT YIELD into about stability of behavior over time/ patterns of change shown by children over time
53
Q

What is Longitudinal Design?

A
  • Method of study
  • Same participants are studied twice or more over a substantial length of time= 1 year
  • Really difficult to continue the study
  • Possible effects of repeated testing
54
Q

What is Microgenetic Design?

A
  • Method of study
  • Designed to provide an in-depth depiction of the processes that produce change
  • Recruit children who are on verge of important environmental change, heighten exposure to type of experience & intensively study change as its occuring

CHILD PSY 235 (10 decks)

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