Emotional Development (CH 10) Flashcards
What is Emotion?
- Combination of physiological & cognitive responses to thoughts or experiences
- They have 5 Components
What are the 4 Components of Emotion?
- Neural Responses
- Physiological Factors (heart rate, hormone levels, breathing rate)
- Subjective Feelings
- Emotional Expressions
- The desire to take action (escape, approach, change people/things in environment)
What is the Discrete Emotions Theory?
- Emotions (expressions) are viewed as discrete & innate from one another from very early in life
- Emphasizes evolution & adaptation
- Emotional responses are largely automatic & NOT based on cognition
What is the Functionalist Perspective?
- The basic function of emotions is to promote action toward achieving a goal
- Emotions are not discrete from each other & vary somewhat based on social environment
What does Discrete Emotions Theory & the Functionalist Perspective agree on?
-Both agree that cognition & experience shape emotional development
What are the basic emotions & when do they appear?
- Happiness, fear, anger, sadness, surprise, disgust
- These emotions appear very early in life
What is the first sign of Happiness for an infant?
-When they start to smile
At what age do infants exhibit smiles?
- At first 3-8weeks of life during REM sleep & when they’re being stroked lightly
- But then it turns into a reaction to external stimuli/ stimuli that engages their attention (touching & high pitched voices) , when they can control a particular event
At what age do infants start to laugh?
-At 3-4 months they laugh & smile at activities that bring them pleasure
What are Social Smiles & when do they emerge?
- Smiles that are directed at people
- Social smiles emerge around 6-7weeks of age
When do social smiles mostly occur?
-Occur during interactions w/ parent or other familiar people & tend to elicit the adult’s delight, interest & affection= promotes care from parents & strengthen relationships
At what age do infants PRIMARILY smile at FAMILIAR people?
-7 months= selective smiling
At what age do infants exhibit wariness of unfamiliar objects & events?
-4 months of age
At what age to infants exhibit the initial signs of fear?
- 6-7 months
- Mostly w/ strangers
How long does the fear of strangers remain?
-from 6-7months up until their 2nd year of life
What is Separation Anxiety?
-Feelings of distress that children/infants & toddlers experience when they are separated/ expected to be separated from their their parents
At what age does Separation Anxiety emerge?
- at 8 months of age
- And tends to increase to 13 or 15 months of age & then begins to decline
When do kids begin to differentiate between real & imaginary fears?
-5 or 6 years of age
For a child, what is Anger?
-It’s their response to a frustrating/ threatening situation & is largely an interpersonal experience
How would the Functionalist Perspective of Emotion likely view Anger?
- Child/ adult is likely to be angry w/ another person than an object
- And that they’re more likely to be angry in certain contexts more that others
How is Anger expressed in infants?
-It’s actually mixed w/ sadness= expressing a general state of distress & they can’t differentiate if a stimulus is making them sad or angry yet
At what age do infants clearly express anger?
- Around 1 year
- They also frequently express it
At what age does the tendency to react to a situation peak?
-Between ages 18-24 months of age
At what age do children show less negative emotion?
-Ages 3-6 years
What do Sadness & Fear have in common?
-They’re both adaptive= draws in the support of a caregiver
At what age to infants begin to express Surprise?
-By the age of 6 months
What factor influences the extent to which an infant express Surprise?
- The emotional enviornment that is provided by their parents
- Infants w/ depressed parents are less surprised
At what age to kids express Disgust?
-3-4 years of age BUT does not mean that they know what the word “disgust” means so they use descriptive words like “yucky/gross”
What are Self-Conscious Emotions?
- Emotions that require that children have a sense of self
- These emotions include Guilt, Shame, Jealously, Pride, Empathy, Embarrassment,
- They’re fostered by their sense of what adults & society expects of them & their acceptance to these standards
At what age is sense of self in kids fully developed?
-2-3 years old
What kind of growth are Self-Conscious Emotions an example of?
-Discontinuous growth because there is an abrupt qualitative change in the kid’s ability to experience these emotions & linked to sense of self
What is the key difference between Guilt & Shame?
- Guilt is more external= associated w/ the empathy of others (making eye contact)
- Shame is Internal= not associated to the concern of others (hiding)
What does it mean when a child feels Guilty?
- They have feelings of regret & remorse about their behavior
- And that they also want to undo the consequences of that behavior
What does it mean when a child feels Shame?
-They feel exposed= makes them want to hide
At what age does the feelings of Guilt w/ bad or hurtful behavior increase?
-at 2-3 years
How are kids more likely to experience Guilt rather than shame when being disciplined?
- When their parent’s emphasize the “badness” of their behavior instead of the kid’s self
- Also when parents teach kids the consequences of their actions & reparing the harm that they’ve done
What are the 2 key factors that influence kid’s emotional reactions & regulations?
- The kid’s capacity to feel emotions
- Their understanding of emotions
What does understanding emotions refer to?
-The kid’s understanding of how to identify their emotions, what they mean, their social functions, & what factors affect emotional experience
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