Flash cards for last exam
What is Self?
-It is a conceptual system made up of ones thoughts & attitudes about themselves
When does the child’s sense of self emerge?
-It emerges in the early years & becomes more complex as child develops
What is the Rudimentary sense of self?
-It is in the form of newborns & their rooting reflex where they’ll turn their head towards a foreign object that may have touched their cheek
What are the precursors to Conceptual Self?
- The subjective sense that “my actions” affect others ( early months)
- And the subjective sense that “my feelings” are distinct from yours
How is the Subjective Self (implicit) present in 8-12-month-olds?
-Via social referencing & reciporcal games like peek-a-boo
At what age does Conceptual/ Objective self emerge?
-at around 18-20 months
What is Conceptual/ Objective self?
-It is an explicit sense of self that is identifiable mirror-self recognition by reaching towards THEIR OWN BODIES
The notion that child’s later adjustment depends on how well suited adult’s parenting style is a temperament referred to as
Goodness of fit
Which condition is NOT a characteristic of difficult babies, as classified by Thomas & Chess?
Difficult at first but becomes easier with time
To be able to engage in social referencing, infants need to be able to
Comprehend the meaning of emotion
In Bronfenbrennar’s model, the age of the child is part of the
Chronosystem
Which portion of the Strange Situation MOST indicates the quality of an attachment
Reunions with the caregiver
At what age to infants begin to show fear around strangers?
At 6-7 months
Annalee is 3 years old. How would she describe herself?
- She would compare herself to her sister/ someone close to her
- My sister is a faster runner than me
What characteristic is MOST ADVANCED level of presocial learning
Living up to one’s own values
What would be considered to be part of the Exosystem?
The child’s father’s job
At what age can kids understand themselves in terms of concrete, observational characteristics?
3-4 years
When do kids start to refine conceptions of self & actively comparing themselves to others?
-at the Elementary age
What is Self-Esteem?
-The overall evaluation for the worth of self & feelings that he/she has about that evaluation
At what age does Self-esteem emerge?
-At 8 years old
What are the 5 sources of individual differences?
- Age trends (high in childhood, low in adolesence, high in adulthood)
- Gender= boys have overall higher self-esteem while girls are more moral & ethical
- Parental Approval/ Support
- Peers & their acceptance
- Schools
What is the overall goal of parenting?
-Socialization
What is the overall dimension of parenting?
-Warmth & control= universally important & requires discipline to teach their kids to behave appropiately
What are the 3 components of Parental Warmth?
- Responsivness
- Praise
- Expression of positive emotion
How to parents exercise appropiate control?
- Having reasonably high expectations
- Consistent enforcement of rules
- Open communication
- Situational managment
What are the negative aspects of parents who exort physical punishments
- Its associated w/ less moral behavior, self-control, & increased aggression
- Not providing explainations to why they are punishing= not providing the understanding
What is Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Model?
- The child’s environment takes the form of nested structures w/ child in the center
- And that every level has impact on child’s development (direct/indirect)
- And that every child’s bioecological model is unique
What are the 5 systems in the Bioecological model?
- Microsystem
- Mesosystem
- Exosystem
- Macrosystem
- Chronosystem
What is the Microsystem of the Bioecological model?
- It is any setting that a child personally interacts w/ directly
- SO like family home, classrooms, preschool playground/group activities
What is the Mesosystem of the Bioecological model?
- It links/ serves as a bridge between the microcystem
- Includes the decisions that are made by parents= influences child’s activities & rules
What is the Exosystem of the Bioecological model?
- They are settings that child doesn’t interact w/ directly BUT does affect the child bc it trickles down
- Includes parent’s job/workplace, schoolboards
What is the Macrosystem of the Bioecological model?
- It is the broader social, culture & political context
- Social expectations, cultural beliefs, & gender
What is the Chronosystem of the Bioecological model?
- It is the temporal dimension, historical timeframe, & age of the world
- SO as a child ages, components of their ecology will change
What does the in class gender project investigate?
-How chronosystem interacts w/ the microsystem
What are the 3 domains of social judgment?
- Moral
- Social conventional
- Personal
What is the Moral domain of social judgement?
-They pertain to the issues of right & wrong
What is the Social Conventional of social judgement?
- It pertain’s to custom/regulation
- It ensures social coordination/organization= greeting & dress
What is Personal Judgement of social judgement?
- Individual preferences are the main considering
- Includes friends, music, activities
At what age are kids able to differentiate between moral & conventional issues?
-as early 3 years old
What do kids believe in that their parents in terms of social judgement issues?
-They believe that parents have authority over moral & social conventional issues in the family
What are the 2 theories of moral judgement?
-Piaget’s & Kolhberg’s theories
What is Piaget’s theory of moral judgement?
- They focus on early consequences to a later focus of intentions
- Forms the rules as moral absolutes to rules of social conventions
- Morality of constraints to autonomous realities
What is the Morality of Contraint in piagets theory?
- It is implemented in younger kids who have not reached the concrete operational stage
- They believe that the consequences of an action determines whether if good/bad NOT motive
- They decide that the magnitude of the consequence is worse for someone who dropped a larger amount of things on accident vs a person who drops on thing on purpose
What is the Autonomous Morality in Piaget’s theory?
- It occurs at 11-12 years of age
- Moral relatism emerges w/ all the normal kids reaching this age
- Kids understand individuals intentions/motives are considered when evaluating missdeeds
- And that rules are absolute unless they interact w/ others & collectively agree to change the rules
What is Kohlbergs theory of moral judgement?
-It consists of 3 levels w/ 6 stages
What are the 3 levels of kohlberg’s theory of moral judgement?
- Preconventional
- Conventional
- Postconventional
What is the Preconventional level of kohlberg’s theory of moral judgement?
-It is moral reasoning is self-centered & gaining rewards
What is the Conventional level of kohlberg’s theory of moral judgement?
-Moral reasoning is centered on social (societal) relationships & law
What is the Preconventional level of kohlberg’s theory of moral judgement?
-Moral reasoning is focused on deals, moral principles
What are the 6 stages of kohlberg’s theory of moral judgement?
1) Punishment & obdience
2) Instrumental exchange= best interest/exchange of benefits
3) Mutual interpersonal expectations
4) Social System & conscience
5) Social contract/Individual rights
6) Universal ethical principles
What are the stages to the Precoventional stage of kohlberg’s theory of moral judgements?
- Punishment & obdience
- Instrumental change
What are the stages to the Conventional stage of kohlberg’s theory of moral judgements?
- Mutual interpersonal expectations
- Social system & conscience
What are the stages of the Postconventional of kohlberg’s theory of moral judgement?
- Social contract/individual rights
- Universal ethical principles
What are the critiques of kohlberg’s theory?
- It is based on western conception of morality that IS NOT applicable to different cultures
- It also does not address gender differences
What is the Prosocial moral reasoning?
-It focuses on helping,sharing, & confronting others
What are Eisenberg’s levels of Prosocial moral reasoning?
- Preschoolers are concerned w/ their own needs
- Elementary kids are concerned w/ needs of others & social approval
- Late child/adolesence have feelings associated w/ consequences of performing beneficial actions
What is the Internal Regulatory Mech?
- It allows us to conduct ourselves in accordance w/ social convention & basic laws of society
- It is also linked w/ knowing the difference between right & wrong, empathize w/ others, feeling remorse, & having the capacity to inhibit behavior
When does the Internal Regulatory mech start?
-It starts early & forms through processes of identification w/ parents & also through instruction & training
How does instruction & training start to emerge for a child?
- It begins by setting limits by age 2
- It happens by discussing in detail the differences between right & wrong on a situation-presenting itself type basis
- It also needs to be consistent instruction over time around the issue of empathy
- And instruction for adults to model correct behavior for child
What kind of handling would be best for a child thats naturally fearful?
-Gentle requests/ reminders to comply w/ rules
What kind of handling would be best for a child thats naturally bold?
-Parental appeals to cooperate (based on the degree of attachment)
When can full development of consience take place?
- It takes place when the child has capacity for abstract/hypothetical thought
- SO reflecting on own actions & how it might effect othes before they engage in them & considering all solutions & weighing alternatives for a problem
What do the individual tendencies of prosocial behavior depend on?
- Genetic
- Environmental= socialization within the family & how the parents model behavior & the opportunities they provide the child for demonstrating prosocial behavior
What is Empathy?
-The feelings you feel that someone else is feeling
What is Sympathy?
-Feeling concern for the person
What is Altruism?
- Doing good for goodness sake
- It is also rooted in our capacity to feel empathy & sympathy
