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CHILD PSY 235 > Flash cards for last exam > Flashcards

Flash cards for last exam

1
Q

What is Self?

A

-It is a conceptual system made up of ones thoughts & attitudes about themselves

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2
Q

When does the child’s sense of self emerge?

A

-It emerges in the early years & becomes more complex as child develops

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3
Q

What is the Rudimentary sense of self?

A

-It is in the form of newborns & their rooting reflex where they’ll turn their head towards a foreign object that may have touched their cheek

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4
Q

What are the precursors to Conceptual Self?

A
  • The subjective sense that “my actions” affect others ( early months)
  • And the subjective sense that “my feelings” are distinct from yours
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5
Q

How is the Subjective Self (implicit) present in 8-12-month-olds?

A

-Via social referencing & reciporcal games like peek-a-boo

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6
Q

At what age does Conceptual/ Objective self emerge?

A

-at around 18-20 months

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7
Q

What is Conceptual/ Objective self?

A

-It is an explicit sense of self that is identifiable mirror-self recognition by reaching towards THEIR OWN BODIES

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8
Q

The notion that child’s later adjustment depends on how well suited adult’s parenting style is a temperament referred to as

A

Goodness of fit

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9
Q

Which condition is NOT a characteristic of difficult babies, as classified by Thomas & Chess?

A

Difficult at first but becomes easier with time

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10
Q

To be able to engage in social referencing, infants need to be able to

A

Comprehend the meaning of emotion

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11
Q

In Bronfenbrennar’s model, the age of the child is part of the

A

Chronosystem

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12
Q

Which portion of the Strange Situation MOST indicates the quality of an attachment

A

Reunions with the caregiver

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13
Q

At what age to infants begin to show fear around strangers?

A

At 6-7 months

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14
Q

Annalee is 3 years old. How would she describe herself?

A
  • She would compare herself to her sister/ someone close to her
  • My sister is a faster runner than me
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15
Q

What characteristic is MOST ADVANCED level of presocial learning

A

Living up to one’s own values

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16
Q

What would be considered to be part of the Exosystem?

A

The child’s father’s job

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17
Q

At what age can kids understand themselves in terms of concrete, observational characteristics?

A

3-4 years

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18
Q

When do kids start to refine conceptions of self & actively comparing themselves to others?

A

-at the Elementary age

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19
Q

What is Self-Esteem?

A

-The overall evaluation for the worth of self & feelings that he/she has about that evaluation

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20
Q

At what age does Self-esteem emerge?

A

-At 8 years old

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21
Q

What are the 5 sources of individual differences?

A
  • Age trends (high in childhood, low in adolesence, high in adulthood)
  • Gender= boys have overall higher self-esteem while girls are more moral & ethical
  • Parental Approval/ Support
  • Peers & their acceptance
  • Schools
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22
Q

What is the overall goal of parenting?

A

-Socialization

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23
Q

What is the overall dimension of parenting?

A

-Warmth & control= universally important & requires discipline to teach their kids to behave appropiately

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24
Q

What are the 3 components of Parental Warmth?

A
  • Responsivness
  • Praise
  • Expression of positive emotion
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25
Q

How to parents exercise appropiate control?

A
  • Having reasonably high expectations
  • Consistent enforcement of rules
  • Open communication
  • Situational managment
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26
Q

What are the negative aspects of parents who exort physical punishments

A
  • Its associated w/ less moral behavior, self-control, & increased aggression
  • Not providing explainations to why they are punishing= not providing the understanding
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27
Q

What is Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Model?

A
  • The child’s environment takes the form of nested structures w/ child in the center
  • And that every level has impact on child’s development (direct/indirect)
  • And that every child’s bioecological model is unique
28
Q

What are the 5 systems in the Bioecological model?

A
  • Microsystem
  • Mesosystem
  • Exosystem
  • Macrosystem
  • Chronosystem
29
Q

What is the Microsystem of the Bioecological model?

A
  • It is any setting that a child personally interacts w/ directly
  • SO like family home, classrooms, preschool playground/group activities
30
Q

What is the Mesosystem of the Bioecological model?

A
  • It links/ serves as a bridge between the microcystem

- Includes the decisions that are made by parents= influences child’s activities & rules

31
Q

What is the Exosystem of the Bioecological model?

A
  • They are settings that child doesn’t interact w/ directly BUT does affect the child bc it trickles down
  • Includes parent’s job/workplace, schoolboards
32
Q

What is the Macrosystem of the Bioecological model?

A
  • It is the broader social, culture & political context

- Social expectations, cultural beliefs, & gender

33
Q

What is the Chronosystem of the Bioecological model?

A
  • It is the temporal dimension, historical timeframe, & age of the world
  • SO as a child ages, components of their ecology will change
34
Q

What does the in class gender project investigate?

A

-How chronosystem interacts w/ the microsystem

35
Q

What are the 3 domains of social judgment?

A
  • Moral
  • Social conventional
  • Personal
36
Q

What is the Moral domain of social judgement?

A

-They pertain to the issues of right & wrong

37
Q

What is the Social Conventional of social judgement?

A
  • It pertain’s to custom/regulation

- It ensures social coordination/organization= greeting & dress

38
Q

What is Personal Judgement of social judgement?

A
  • Individual preferences are the main considering

- Includes friends, music, activities

39
Q

At what age are kids able to differentiate between moral & conventional issues?

A

-as early 3 years old

40
Q

What do kids believe in that their parents in terms of social judgement issues?

A

-They believe that parents have authority over moral & social conventional issues in the family

41
Q

What are the 2 theories of moral judgement?

A

-Piaget’s & Kolhberg’s theories

42
Q

What is Piaget’s theory of moral judgement?

A
  • They focus on early consequences to a later focus of intentions
  • Forms the rules as moral absolutes to rules of social conventions
  • Morality of constraints to autonomous realities
43
Q

What is the Morality of Contraint in piagets theory?

A
  • It is implemented in younger kids who have not reached the concrete operational stage
  • They believe that the consequences of an action determines whether if good/bad NOT motive
  • They decide that the magnitude of the consequence is worse for someone who dropped a larger amount of things on accident vs a person who drops on thing on purpose
44
Q

What is the Autonomous Morality in Piaget’s theory?

A
  • It occurs at 11-12 years of age
  • Moral relatism emerges w/ all the normal kids reaching this age
  • Kids understand individuals intentions/motives are considered when evaluating missdeeds
  • And that rules are absolute unless they interact w/ others & collectively agree to change the rules
45
Q

What is Kohlbergs theory of moral judgement?

A

-It consists of 3 levels w/ 6 stages

46
Q

What are the 3 levels of kohlberg’s theory of moral judgement?

A
  • Preconventional
  • Conventional
  • Postconventional
47
Q

What is the Preconventional level of kohlberg’s theory of moral judgement?

A

-It is moral reasoning is self-centered & gaining rewards

48
Q

What is the Conventional level of kohlberg’s theory of moral judgement?

A

-Moral reasoning is centered on social (societal) relationships & law

49
Q

What is the Preconventional level of kohlberg’s theory of moral judgement?

A

-Moral reasoning is focused on deals, moral principles

50
Q

What are the 6 stages of kohlberg’s theory of moral judgement?

A

1) Punishment & obdience
2) Instrumental exchange= best interest/exchange of benefits
3) Mutual interpersonal expectations
4) Social System & conscience
5) Social contract/Individual rights
6) Universal ethical principles

51
Q

What are the stages to the Precoventional stage of kohlberg’s theory of moral judgements?

A
  • Punishment & obdience

- Instrumental change

52
Q

What are the stages to the Conventional stage of kohlberg’s theory of moral judgements?

A
  • Mutual interpersonal expectations

- Social system & conscience

53
Q

What are the stages of the Postconventional of kohlberg’s theory of moral judgement?

A
  • Social contract/individual rights

- Universal ethical principles

54
Q

What are the critiques of kohlberg’s theory?

A
  • It is based on western conception of morality that IS NOT applicable to different cultures
  • It also does not address gender differences
55
Q

What is the Prosocial moral reasoning?

A

-It focuses on helping,sharing, & confronting others

56
Q

What are Eisenberg’s levels of Prosocial moral reasoning?

A
  • Preschoolers are concerned w/ their own needs
  • Elementary kids are concerned w/ needs of others & social approval
  • Late child/adolesence have feelings associated w/ consequences of performing beneficial actions
57
Q

What is the Internal Regulatory Mech?

A
  • It allows us to conduct ourselves in accordance w/ social convention & basic laws of society
  • It is also linked w/ knowing the difference between right & wrong, empathize w/ others, feeling remorse, & having the capacity to inhibit behavior
58
Q

When does the Internal Regulatory mech start?

A

-It starts early & forms through processes of identification w/ parents & also through instruction & training

59
Q

How does instruction & training start to emerge for a child?

A
  • It begins by setting limits by age 2
  • It happens by discussing in detail the differences between right & wrong on a situation-presenting itself type basis
  • It also needs to be consistent instruction over time around the issue of empathy
  • And instruction for adults to model correct behavior for child
60
Q

What kind of handling would be best for a child thats naturally fearful?

A

-Gentle requests/ reminders to comply w/ rules

61
Q

What kind of handling would be best for a child thats naturally bold?

A

-Parental appeals to cooperate (based on the degree of attachment)

62
Q

When can full development of consience take place?

A
  • It takes place when the child has capacity for abstract/hypothetical thought
  • SO reflecting on own actions & how it might effect othes before they engage in them & considering all solutions & weighing alternatives for a problem
63
Q

What do the individual tendencies of prosocial behavior depend on?

A
  • Genetic
  • Environmental= socialization within the family & how the parents model behavior & the opportunities they provide the child for demonstrating prosocial behavior
64
Q

What is Empathy?

A

-The feelings you feel that someone else is feeling

65
Q

What is Sympathy?

A

-Feeling concern for the person

66
Q

What is Altruism?

A
  • Doing good for goodness sake

- It is also rooted in our capacity to feel empathy & sympathy

CHILD PSY 235 (10 decks)

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