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CHILD PSY 235 > Gender project readings=Gender Development (ch 15) > Flashcards

Gender project readings=Gender Development (ch 15) Flashcards

1
Q

Are girls & boys complete opposites?

A
  • No

- They just vary in a few cognitive abilities

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2
Q

What do developmental psychologists agree about gender development?

A

-That it is a combination of nature & nurture

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3
Q

What does Sex imply?

A

-The biological origins for any differences between males & females based on their sex chromosomes

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4
Q

What does Gender refer to?

A

-Refers to the social assignment/ self-categorization as female, male, or neither

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5
Q

What does Gender-Type refer to?

A

-Behaviors stereotyped/ expected for a given person’s gender

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6
Q

What does Cross-Gender type?

A

-Behaviors stereotyped/ expected for the gender other than that of a given person

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7
Q

What does Gender Typing refer to?

A

-To the process of gender socialization during development

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8
Q

What are the 3 influences on gender development?

A
  • Biological (hormonal & brain structure differences)
  • Cognitive-motivational (learning gender-typed roles through observation & practice)
  • Cultural Factors (status of men & women in society)
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9
Q

What are the 2 different types of approaches for Biological influenced on gender?

A
  • Evolutionary Approaches

- Neuroscience approaches

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10
Q

What are the 2 theories for the Evolutionary Approach?

A
  • Evolutionary Psychology theory

- Biosocial Theory

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11
Q

What are the 3 mechs for the Neuroscience approach?

A
  • Genes
  • Hormones & brain functioning
  • Brain structure & functioning
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12
Q

What is Evolutionary theory?

A

-Proposes that certain characteristics that facilitate survival & reproduction have been favored over the course of human evolution

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13
Q

What is Evolutionary Psychology Theory?

A
  • Says that certain behavioral tendencies occur bc they helped humans survive over the course of evolution
  • Particular gender differences in behavior reflect evolved personality dispositions= increases the chances of mating & protecting their offspring
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14
Q

What behaviors are present in boys & girls according to the Evolutionary psychology theory?

A
  • Boys tend to play fight more=assert their dominance in groups & have more access to females
  • Girls tend to make more of an effort to establish positive social relations & play a maternal role w/ dolls
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15
Q

What are the 2 concerns of the Evolutionary Psychology theory?

A
  • That the claims about sex differences in personality traits are based on circular reasoning= difficult to test
  • It can be used to rationalize maintaining the status quo in traditional gender roles
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16
Q

What is Biosocial Theory?

A
  • It focuses on the evolution of observable physical differences between the sexes
  • It emphasizes the capacity for behavioral flexibility as an adaptation to environmental variability
  • Argues that the 2 most important physical differences is men’s greater average size, strength & foot speed & the women’s nursing capabilities
  • Both physical sex differences & social ecology shape the different gender roles assigned to men & women
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17
Q

What does the Evolutionary Psychology Theory & the Biosocial Theory have in common?

A

-They both emphasize the importance of evolution & the physical differences between men & women

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18
Q

What is the Neuroscience approach?

A

-Focus more on testing how genes, hormones, & brain functioning relate to the variations in gender development

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19
Q

What is the Genes factor of the Neuroscience approach?

A

-Biological sex is determined if the person has XX (female) or XY (male) chromosome pairs

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20
Q

What are the effect of Genes on behavior?

A
  • There are NO studies indicating DIRECT LINKS between genes & gender-typed behavior IN HUMANS
  • There is however, an indirect link w/ mice= having the Y chromosome is shown to have more aggressive parental behaviors
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21
Q

What is the Hormone & Brain functioning factor on behavior?

A
  • The effects of androgens= in males & absent in females
  • Androgens have also been organizing/activating influences on the nervous system= Organizing Influences
  • Androgen production increasing due to the response of threats= Activating Influences
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22
Q

What are Organizing Influences?

A

-Occurs when certain sex-linked hormones affect brain differentiation & organization during prenatal development or puberty

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23
Q

What are Activating Influences?

A

-They occur when fluctuations in sex-linked hormone levels influence the contemporaneous activation of certain brain & behavioral responses
(body increasing in androgen production in response to threats)

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24
Q

What is the Brain & Functioning factor of Neuroscence Approaches?

A

-The adult female & male brains DO show some differences in physical structure BUT they do not show clear cognitive performance advantage

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25
Q

Why is Brain & Functioning factor of Neuroscience unclear?

A
  • It is unclear to what extent differences in adult brain functioning/ structure are due to genetic or environmental influences
  • Also unclear to what extent these small differences in brain structure determine any gender differences in ability & behavior
26
Q

What is Cogntive theories of gender development?

A
  • Emphasize the ways the children learn gender-typed attitudes & behaviors through observation, inference & practice & enviormental factors (role models, opportunities/incentives that each gender may experience)
  • Stresses children’s active Self-Socialization= using their beliefs, expectations, & preferences to guide how they perceive the world & the actions they chose
27
Q

How does Self-Socialization occur?

A

-Occurs in gender development when children seek to behave in accord w/ their gender identity (girl or boy)

28
Q

What are the 4 cognitive theories for Cognitive & Motivational approach?

A
  • Cognitive developmental theories
  • Gender Schema theory
  • Social identity theory
  • Social cognitive theory
29
Q

What is the Cognitive Developmental Theory?

A
  • Kohlberg
  • Says that children actively construct knowledge about gender the way that piaget described w/ children exploring the physical world
  • Kids actively seek to understand the meaning of gender through observing & interacting w/ the world around them
  • And that theres cognitive developmental changes in kids’ understanding of gender during early childhood
30
Q

What did Kohlberg describe about children’s understandings of gender?

A

-It involves a 3 stage process that occurs between 3-6 years of age

31
Q

What is the First stage that Kohlberg described about children’s understanding of gender?

A
  • Occurs at 30 months of age
  • Young children acquire a Gender Identity= cateforize themselves as boy or girl but they don’t realize that gender as permanent
32
Q

What is the Second stage that Kohlberg described about children’s understanding of gender?

A
  • Begins at 3 or 4 years of age
  • They realize that gender remains the same over time= Gender Stability
  • Still not clear that gender is independent of superficial appearance= believes that a boy who puts on a dress & looks like a girl is now a girl
33
Q

What is the Third stage that Kohlberg described about children’s understanding of gender?

A
  • Its completed at 6 years of age
  • Kids now have a basic understanding of gender & that it’s invariant across situations= Gender Constancy= they’ll want to behave within the same-gender models
  • Since this is the age where children succeed in piagetan conversion problems= both processes must have same underlying thinking processes
34
Q

What is the Gender Schema Theory?

A
  • It’s an alternative for Kohlberg’s explaination of children’s gender development
  • Says that the motivation to enact gender-typed behavior begins as soon as children can label other people’s & their own gender (age 3)
  • Children’s understanding of gender develops through their construction of Gender Schemas
35
Q

What are Gender schemas?

A
  • Mental representations that incorperate everything the kid knows about gender
  • They include memories of one’s own experiences w/ males & females, gender-stereotypes transmitted directly by adults & peers, & messages conveyed through the media
  • They’re responsible for biased processing & remembering of info about gender
36
Q

What kind of gender schema do kids use?

A

-Ingroup.outgroup= classify people as the “same as me” or not

37
Q

What is an Own gender schema?

A

-Consists of detailed knowledge about how to do things that are consistent w/ ones own gender= makes kids like that object specific to their gender more

38
Q

What are the 2 kinds of filters that children use?

A
  • Gender Schema filter (relevance to own gender)

- Interest filter (is it interesting)

39
Q

What is Social Identity theory?

A
  • It addresses the influence of group membership on people’s self-concepts & behavior w/ others
  • Helps explain why gender-typing pressures tend to be more ridgid for boys than girls
40
Q

What is the most central social identity in children’s lives?

A

-Gender

41
Q

What are the 2 influential processes that occurs when a person commits to an ingroup?

A
  • Ingroup bias

- Assimilation

42
Q

What is Ingroup Bias?

A

-Refers to the tendency to evalutate individuals & characteristics associated w/ the group as superior to those associated w/ the outgroup

43
Q

What is Ingroup assimilation?

A

-individuals are socialized to conform to the group’s norms

44
Q

What is Intersectionality?

A

-The interconnection of social identities= gender, race,ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion in relation to overlapping experiences of discrimmination

45
Q

What is the Social Cognitive theory?

A

-It depicts a triadic model of reciprocal causation among personal factors (cognitive/motivational/biological) , environmental factors, & behavioral patterns

46
Q

What is Tuition?

A

-It refers to the direct teaching
-Occurs during gender socialization
(mom teaching daughter how to change a diaper)

47
Q

What is Enactive Experience?

A

-It occurs when kids learn to guide their behavior by taking into account the reactions their past behavior has evoked on others
(boys & girls are praised when they partake in behaviors that are stereotypical to their gender)

48
Q

What is Observational Learning?

A
  • The most common form of learning

- It occurs through seeing & encoding the consequences other people experience as a result of children’s own actions

49
Q

How to children learn about gender?

A
  • Through observational learning

- They observe the behavior of their parents, siblings, teachers, peers, & media

50
Q

What 4 key processes are involved in observational learning?

A
  • Attention
  • Memory
  • Production (practicing behavior)
  • Motivation
51
Q

What does Social Cognitive Theory imply about children & gender development?

A
  • It states that Learning occurs through tuition, enactive experience, & observation
  • And that children monitor their behavior & evaluate how well it matches personal standards
52
Q

What is Self-Efficacy?

A

-It occurs when individuals experience positive self-reactions for their behavior= gain sense of personal agency

53
Q

What are the 3 ways that Self-Efficacy can develop?

A
  • Can develop gradually w/ practice (son & father playing catch)
  • Social modeling (seeing classmate do well in school & makes them want to also do well)
  • Social persuasion (pep talk before a game)
54
Q

What is the Bioecological Model of Human Development?

A
  • It emphasizes how cultural practices mirror & perpetuates the gender divisions in society
  • It also differentiates among interconnected systems within the child (biological & cognitive processes) and in the child’s environment
55
Q

What are the 3 Environmental systems that are in the Bioecological model?

A
  • Microsystem= immediate environment
  • Macrosystem= culture
  • Chronosystem= changes in environment over the course of child’s development
56
Q

How do the 3 environmental systems present in the Bioecological model work together?

A

-They work together to influence children’s development over time

57
Q

What is the fundamental feature of the Macrosystem?

A

-It is its opportunity structure= the economic & social resources it offers & people’s understanding of those resources

58
Q

What does the Bioecological model describe about kids & gender roles?

A

-That child socialization practices within the family etc in the child’s microsystem serves to prepare kids for the adult roles

59
Q

In the eyes of the Bioecological model, what is children’s development an adaptation of?

A
  • It is an adaptation to their exsisting opportunities,

- BUT changes in the children’s macrosystems & microsystems can lead to gender equality

60
Q

In summary, what does the Bioecological model highlight?

A

-It highlights how institutionalized roles impose opportunity & contraint on people’s behavior and beliefs in home, schools, labor force, & political insitutions

61
Q

What is Opportunity Structure?

A

-The economic & social resoures offered by the macrosystem (culture) in the biological model & the people’s understanding of those resources

CHILD PSY 235 (10 decks)

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