Prenatal Development in Newborn Period (CH 2) Flashcards
What is Epigenesis?
-Emergence of new structures/ functions in the course of development
What are Gametes & what do they contain?
- Sperm & egg cells (germ cells)
- Each contains HALF of genetic material
What is the basic Process of Conception?
- Egg launched from one of the ovaries to fallopian tube
- Then egg moves towards uterus & creates signal for sperm
What is Meiosis & why is it important for Conception?
- Meiosis= cell division where egg & sperm only receive 1 member from each of the 23 chromosome pairs
- Important to undergo division bc egg & sperm need to form 23 PAIRS of chromosomes
What’s the journey for the Sperm like?
- Travel 6 hours to reach 6-7 inches in vagina
- From the vagina the sperm will travel to uterus then to egg-bearing Fallopian Tube
- Out of millions of sperm, only 200 get near the egg= survival of the fittest
What happens when the Sperm finally reaches the Egg?
- Chemical reaction seals egg membrane
- Sperm’s tail falls off
- Contents of Sperm’s head gush inside egg
- Nuclei of both cells merge within hours
- Then boom, fertilized egg= 23 chromosomes from mom & another 23 from dad
What the flip is another name for a Fertilized Egg?
-Zygote
What’s the Developmental Processes of a Zygote?
-Change Zygote–> Embreyo–>Fetus
What’s the 1st stage in the Developmental Process?
- Mitosis!
- 12 hours after fertilization, Zygote divides into 2 identical daughter cells
- Each contains full genetic material
- Then further divides for 38 weeks= forming newborn w/ trillion of cells
What’s the 2nd stage in Developmental Process?
- Cell Migration!
- Movement of heavy formed cells away from point of origin
- Neurons that originate deep in embryonic brain travels to outer reaches of developmental brain
What’s the 3rd stage in the Developmental Process?
- Cell Differentiation!
- At first, all embryo cells= Embryonic Stem Cells (have no fixed function)
- After hella cell divisions, these cells start to specialize in structure & function
- 350 different types now!
- Gene Expression & Location are influenced by what’s goin on in the neighboring cells
What is the 4th stage Developmental Process?
- Death!
- Genetically programed cell suicide= Apoptosis
- Common in cells that aren’t necessary/ required
What role does the Hormone Androgen play in addition to the Developmental Process?
- Sex Differentiation
- All fetuses can develop male or female genitalia
- If Androgen is Present= Fetus is a male
- If Androgens are Absent= Fetus is a female
- Androgens come from male fetus itself
What happens to the Zygote in Early Development?
-Doubles # of cells twice a day on its way through Fallopian Tube to Womb
What is a Blastocyst?
- Starts to form 4 days after Conception
- 100 cells arrange in hollow sphere= also called inner cell mass
- Stage where IDENTICAL TWINS originate
How are Identical Twins formed?
- AKA Minozygotic
- Splitting up half of the cell mass = have same genetic makeup
- Share 1 Placenta & outer membrane but each have their OWN SAC
How are Fraternal Twins formed?
- AKA Dizygotic
- When 2 eggs are released from Ovaries to Fallopian Tube and each is fertilized
- Not genetically alike bc they came from different egg & sperm
What does the Zygote do after the first week of fertilization?
- Starts to embed itself in the uterine lining
- Becomes dependent on mother for sustenance
- Becomes completely embedded before the end of the 2nd week
What happens to the Zygote after it fully implants itself?
- Starts to differentiate
- The inner cell mass turns into the Embryo & the rest turns into the support system= Placenta, Amniotic Sac, Umbilical cord
What are the layers that the Inner Cell Mass folds itself into?
- Ectoderm= Nervous system, nails, teeth, inner ear, lense of eyes, outer surface of the skin
- Mesoderm= Muscle, bone, circulatory system, inner layer of skin, other interior organs
- Endoderm= Digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, glands
What happens after the three layers from the cell mass are formed?
- U shaped groove forms center of the middle layer
- Folds on the top fuse to create Neural Tube
- Neural tube closes after 22 days= brain and spinal cord
- If the Neural Tube fails to close there is a risk of Spinal Bifida
What is the purpose of the Amniotic Sac?
- Membrane filled w/ clear fluid where fetus floats
- Provides even temperature & cushioning
- Fetus can exercise its weak muscles since it isn’t affected by gravity
What is the purpose of the Placenta?
- Permits exchange of materials carried in the bloodstream of the fetus to the mother
- Semipermeable= only oxygen, nutrients, minerals, antibodies
- A rich network of blood vessels= surface area of 10yds squared
- Production of estrogen= increases blood flow to the uterus
- Progesterone suppresses uterine contractions that could lead to prenatal birth
What are the 3 periods that occur throughout pregnancy?
- 1st period= period of the Zygote= conception through implantation of the blastocyst
- 2nd period= Period of the Embryo= implantation through a complete in-form structure
- 3rd period= period of the Fetus= completion to birth, increase in size, their system becomes functional
What is Cephalocaudal Development?
- Areas near the head develop earlier than areas further away
- Head before body, Hands before feet
What happens 4 weeks after Conception?
- Embryo is curved hella tight= head & tail like structure almost touching
- Face features are starting to appear from the 4 folds in front of the head
- Face are tissues moving & stretching as other parts of them fuse & separate
- Primitive heart already beating/ pumping blood
- Arm & legs bud
What happens 5.5-8 weeks after Conception?
- Nose, mouth, palate are differentiating into different structures
- 3 weeks later, nose & mouth fully forms
- Cleft palate occurs from malformation during this time
What happens 9 weeks after Conception?
- Head overwhelms rest of body bc of rapid brain growth (2 hemispheres present)
- Rudimentary eyes & ears are forming
- All internal organs are present but still undergo further development
- Sex differentiation started
- Ribs are visible, fingers/ toes emerge, nails start to grow
- Fetus starts to move
What happens 11 weeks after Conception?
- Heart achieved basic adult structure
- Developing spine & ribs
- Major divisions in the brain
What happens 12 weeks after Conception?
- Refined movement
- 3 in long
- Weights 1/2 oz
What happens 16 weeks after Conception?
- Capable of stronger kicks (mild flutter)
- External genitalia is developed
What happens 18 weeks after Conception?
- Growth of lower body accelerates
- Reflexes= breathing movements, grasping, swallowing, sucking
- Covered in fine hair
- Vernex protects against long immersion in liquid
- Complex facial expressions= wrinkle forehead, raising eyebrows, move mouth
- Fetus gains weight= amniotic sac becomes cramped= decrease in movements
What happens 28 weeks after Conception?
- Brain & lungs are sufficiently developed= Viability if baby was born at this time
- Eyes open & move, especially during REM sleep
- Auditory system is now functioning
- Neural activity is now similar to a newborn’s
What happens 32 weeks after Conception?
- It’s sleeping 74% of the time
- More active sleep than quiet sleep
What happens during the last 3 months of Conception?
- Baby triple’s its weight
- By week 36-38 it’s already 7lbs
What role does the fetus play in terms of Behavior?
-It’s an active participant & contributor to its own physical & behavioral development
What kinds of Movements does the fetus do 5-7weeks after Conception?
- Simple bending of the head & spine
- 7th week they have distinct patterns of movement like hiccups= burping reflex preparing them for nursing by removing air from stomach and making more room for milk
- Swallowing Reflex= helps tongue movement and promotes normal development of palate while the amniotic fluid helps the digestive system mature properly
- Moves limbs= grasps cord, yawns, etc
What kinds of Movements does the fetus do 12 weeks after conception?
- Most movement that is present at birth appears
- Mother still can’t feel the movements
- Variation of activity from fetus to fetus
What is Prenatal Continuity?
- Extends to post natal period
- Boys will be active after they’re born
- Fetuses that are more active during Gestation result in temperments during infancy= greater levels of emotional regulation
What kinds of Movement does the fetus do 10 weeks after Conception?
- Lungs & rest of the Respiratory system including muscles that move the diaphram in & out must be mature
- Promotes respiratory rediness
- No air is inhaled, only small amonts of Amniotic Fluid
- Intially irregular, increases in rate & stability over 3rd trimester
What does the Behavior Cycle look like?
- Rest-Activity cycles emerge at 10 weeks & become stable during 2nd half of pregnancy
- 2nd half of pregnancy= movement 10-30% of the time
- Carcadian rhythms become apparent w/ less activity early morning & more in late evening
- Towards end of pregnancy= 75% of time in REM & NON-REM sleep
What is Sight & Touch like for a Fetus?
- Minimal visual experience
- Experience tactile stimulation bc of their own explorations= rubbing face, grabbing cord
- Respond to maternal movements= rocking/ swaying
- Vestibular Systems workin
What is Taste like for a Fetus?
- Amniotic Fluid contains different flavors
- Fetus prefers sweeter flavors
What is Smell like for a Fetus?
- Amniotic Fluid takes on odors from what the mom has eaten
- Odors are transmitted through the liquid & comes in contact w/ fetus= Olfactory Experience
What is Hearing like for a Fetus?
- Womb is filled w/ noise= mom’s heartbeat, breathing, digestive system
- Fetus hears 70-75dB
- Frequently hears mom’s voice= recognizes pitch pattern & rhythm
What is Habituation?
- Simplest forms of learning
- Decrease in response when stimuli is repeated/ continuous
What is Dishabituation?
-Noticiable change in stimulis that causes infant to be interested again
What is Phylogenetic Continuity?
- Idea bc of our evolutionary history
- Humans share more characteristics & developmental processes w/ other organisms
What causes the majority of Embryos to be Miscarried?
- Suffering from severe birth defects
- Missing or having an extra chromosome=impossible further development
What are Teratogens?
- External Agents that can cause damage or death during prenatal development
- Many will only cause damage during the Sensitive Period= where structures are being formed
- Dose-Related Relation= the greater the exposure to the teratogen, the greater chance that it’ll suffer severe damage
- Can have different effects based on Individual Differences of genetic susceptibility
- Sleeper Effects= impact may/ may not be appearant for many years
What is Fetal Programming?
- When belated emergence of effects programs physiological set points & governs physiology in adulthood
- EX; Inadequate prenatal nutrition= fetus metabolism adjusting but DOES NOT reset itself after birth=obesity
What are the different categories of Teratogens?
- Drugs
- Alcohol
- Smoking
- Enviornmental Pollutants
What effects do Antidepressants have when taken during Pregnacy?
- Helps reduce the risk of post-partum depression
- Infants are at risk for social & cognitive challenges
- Reports= if pregnant ladies are taking SSRI=Increased risk of Cardiac Malfromations, low birth weight, preterm birth, Autisim Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
What effects do Opiods have when taken during Pregnancy?
- Fetus can become addicted themselves
- Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS)= drug withdrawl= low birth weight, seizures, problems breathing/feeding
What effects does Marijuana have when taken during Pregnancy?
- Stays in mom’s body for 30 days= increases negative effects on developing fetus
- More than doubles risk of Still Born birth
- Lower birth weight= increased time spent at NICU
- Associated with problems w/ attention, impulsivity, learning, & memory in older children
What effects does Cigarette Smoking have when done during Pregnancy?
- Dose-Related relationship
- Mom & fetus get less oxygen= decreases the breathing movements in the fetus
- Fetus metabolizes cancer causing agents
- 2nd hand smoke= indirect effect on fetal oxygen
- Slow fetal growth & low birth weight
- Increased risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
- Lower IQ, hearing decifits, ADHD, cancer
What effects does Alcohol have during Pregnancy?
- Leading cause of fetal brain injury
- Alcohol in mom crosses Placenta into the blood stream of the fetus & amnitoic fluid= Direct & indirect exposure= prevents oxygen & nutrition
- Concetrations in mom’s & fetus quickly equalize= fetus has less ability to metabolize & remove it
- Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) & FAS= Small eyes, smooth philitrum, thin top lip, intellectual disability, attention problems, vision/hearing problems
What effects do Enviornmental Pollutants have during Pregnancy?
- Dose-Related Relationship= Higher levels in mom= higher level of miscarriage
- Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB)= causes newborn to have small heads
- Lead=potent neurotoxin= effects level of intelligence & achievement & also development of ADHD symptoms
How does the Mom’s age effect the Baby during pregnancy?
- Babies born from teen girls= more 3-4 times more likely to die before their first birthday
- Babies born from women in their 30s-40s have greater chance of Fetal Chromosomal Abnormalities (FCA) & birth complications
- Hightened risk of ASD
- Fathers age also preditcts ASD but not as much as mom’s age
How does the Mom’s Nutrition effect the Baby during pregnancy?
- if mom has Inadequate diet, baby will be nutrionally deprived
- Women w/ too little Folic Acid (Vitamin B)= high risk for having infant w/ Spinal Bifida
- Malnutrion effects growth of Fetal Brain= fewer brain cells
- Individual differences of math and reading abilities will become apparant
What kind of Diseases can the mom catch? how will it effect the Baby during pregnancy?
- Rubella (3 Day Measles)= major malformation, deafness, blindness, intellectual disabilities
- Cytomegalovirus (Type of Herpes)= most common cause of congenital infection= Damages fetus nervous system, hearing
- Gential Herpes= if infant comes in contact w/ active herpes lesions in birth canal= blindness & death
- HIV Infections= can somtimes be passed to the fetus in womb or during birth but majority of babies do not become infected themselves
What effect does the Mom’s Psychopathology have on the Baby during pregnancy?
- Schizophrenia is 3x more likely to occur when mom had Flu during her 1st Trimester of pregnancy
- Maternal Flu & other infections= interacts w/ genetic factors which result in mental illness like Autism
- Genes that are central to Immune System’s response= infections may be involved w/ brain development
- ASD is the most heritiable development disorder bc of high levels of Cytokines in developing brain or autoimmune response
What effect does the Zika Virus have on the Baby during pregnancy?
- Cause Microcephaly= Baby’s head is really small
- Issues in brain development= sensory problems (hearing loss/ vision) to seizures & intellectual disability
- Infects Cortical- Neural Progenitor Cells= stunts brain growth
- No vaccine can protect women against Zika
How does the Maternal Emotional State effect the Baby during pregnancy?
- Fetus itself can influence mom’s state= changes in fetus heart rate & movements= changes mom Psycholoical state & heart rate
- Genetic Factors link maternal stress & post natal outcomes
- Prental enviornment= strongest predictor of maternal stess
- For child anxiety, post natal stress was the strongest predictor of later outcomes
What happens in the Mom 38 weeks after Conception/ when her baby is due?
- Contractions of the muscles of the Uterus begin initiating birth
- Baby already rotated itself to Head-Down Position
- Maturing lungs release protein= triggers onset of labor
How do Pain Medications effect the Birthing Experience?
- Highly effective & do not appear to increase rate of C-sections
- Prolong labor & use of medical instruments (forceps)
What is the Pain like for the Mom?
-Comes from tissues being stretched
How is the Birthing Experience like for the Baby?
- Head size is temporarily reduced bc the separate plates are being squeezed together to allow passing through pelvic bones
- Stimulates production of hormones= helps fetus withstand oxygen deprivation during birth
- Amniotic Fluid is squeezed out of the baby’s lungs= prepares it for 1st breath= strong cry= also makes subsequent breathing easier
Why is there a High Rate of C-Sections in the U.S?
- Multiple births
- Scheduling convenience for both parents & doctors
- Maternal obesity
- Prior C-sections
- Physicians attempt to reduce malpractice problems w/ vaginal birth
Who are Doulas?
- People trained to assist women physically & emotionally during labor & delivery
- Enhances women’s participation in childbirth
- Interaction w/ baby in skin-to-skin contact
What is the State of Arousal?
- Continuum of arousal ranging from deep sleep to intense activity
- Dramatically affects your interaction w/ the environment with what you notice, do, learn, think about
- Affects the ability for others to interact w/ you
What does Sleeping Like a Baby mean?
-Sleeping for about 16 hours
What is REM Sleep?
- Active sleep state
- 50% of newborn’s total sleep time
- Quick / jerky eye movements, distinctive pattern of brain activity, body movement, irregular heart rate & breathing
What is NON-REM Sleep?
- Quiet sleep state
- Absence of motor activity/ eye movements
- Slow brain waves, breathing, heart rate
How does REM Sleep help babies develop?
- Developing their visual system= high levels of brain activity
- Make up for natural deprivation of visual stimulation
- Myoclonic Twitching (jerky eye movements)= helps them build Sensorimotor Maps= linking motor patterns w/ specific sensations they evoke
How does the Sleep Pattern change when the Infants gets older?
- Newborns cycle between sleep & wake several times in 24 hr period
- Course of 1st year= nighttime awakens disappears (variable across babies tho)
- Mothers who are sensitive to babies cry= more likely that the baby will continue vs. when the time it takes mom to respond decreases= less time crying at night
How does Crying change as the baby matures?
- Peaks at 6-8 weeks
- Decrease in frequency 3-6 months bc baby has more control over environment
- Shaken Baby Syndrome= child abuse= severe trauma or death
How might you Soothe a Crying baby?
- Swaddling=high level of tactile stimulation and warmth
- Carrying infants= decreases their heart rate, physical movement, crying
What is Colic and how might it affect the baby?
- Excessive/ inconsolable crying for no reason during 1sr month of life
- May be caused by allergic reactions, formula intolerance, immature gut development, excessive gassiness
- Typically ends at 3 months of age
What is Low Birth Weight?
- 5.5lbs (2500g)
- Premature/Preterm= born before the ideal 37 weeks
- Heightened risk of medical complications
- High rates of Neurosensory deficits, more illness, lower IQ, Low educational achievement
- More problems w/ sleep, waking up, staying alert
What is Small for Gestational Age?
- May be Preterm or Full term
- Weighs less than normal for their age
What is Very Low Birth Weight?
- 3.3lbs (1500g)
- Medical complications
- Developmental deficits
- Death
What are the Causes of Low Birth Weight?
- Teratogens (smoking, drinking, drugs, environmental pollution)
- Mostly common among minorities
What are the Long Term Outcomes for LBW babies?
- White-matter reduction
- Ventricular enlargement
- Abnormal Brain development
- BUT majority of Moderate- slightly LBW babies turn out fine
What is Kangeroo Care?
- Skin-to-skin contact
- Decreases mortality
- Increases growth, breastfeeding, attachment
- Vital part of newborn’s life
How might Singing & Massaging help LBW babies?
- Gain weight faster
- Help them become more alert
What is the Multiple Risk Model?
- Risk tends to occur together
- The more risk, the worse the potential outcomes
- Effects child from language development to attachment to well being
What are the Resilient Characteristics?
- Helps children who were LBW
- Personal characteristics (intelligence), responsiveness to others, sense of being able to achieve their goals
- Responsive care from another person
