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CHILD PSY 235 > Prenatal Development in Newborn Period (CH 2) > Flashcards

Prenatal Development in Newborn Period (CH 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is Epigenesis?

A

-Emergence of new structures/ functions in the course of development

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2
Q

What are Gametes & what do they contain?

A
  • Sperm & egg cells (germ cells)

- Each contains HALF of genetic material

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3
Q

What is the basic Process of Conception?

A
  • Egg launched from one of the ovaries to fallopian tube

- Then egg moves towards uterus & creates signal for sperm

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4
Q

What is Meiosis & why is it important for Conception?

A
  • Meiosis= cell division where egg & sperm only receive 1 member from each of the 23 chromosome pairs
  • Important to undergo division bc egg & sperm need to form 23 PAIRS of chromosomes
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5
Q

What’s the journey for the Sperm like?

A
  • Travel 6 hours to reach 6-7 inches in vagina
  • From the vagina the sperm will travel to uterus then to egg-bearing Fallopian Tube
  • Out of millions of sperm, only 200 get near the egg= survival of the fittest
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6
Q

What happens when the Sperm finally reaches the Egg?

A
  • Chemical reaction seals egg membrane
  • Sperm’s tail falls off
  • Contents of Sperm’s head gush inside egg
  • Nuclei of both cells merge within hours
  • Then boom, fertilized egg= 23 chromosomes from mom & another 23 from dad
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7
Q

What the flip is another name for a Fertilized Egg?

A

-Zygote

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8
Q

What’s the Developmental Processes of a Zygote?

A

-Change Zygote–> Embreyo–>Fetus

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9
Q

What’s the 1st stage in the Developmental Process?

A
  • Mitosis!
  • 12 hours after fertilization, Zygote divides into 2 identical daughter cells
  • Each contains full genetic material
  • Then further divides for 38 weeks= forming newborn w/ trillion of cells
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10
Q

What’s the 2nd stage in Developmental Process?

A
  • Cell Migration!
  • Movement of heavy formed cells away from point of origin
  • Neurons that originate deep in embryonic brain travels to outer reaches of developmental brain
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11
Q

What’s the 3rd stage in the Developmental Process?

A
  • Cell Differentiation!
  • At first, all embryo cells= Embryonic Stem Cells (have no fixed function)
  • After hella cell divisions, these cells start to specialize in structure & function
  • 350 different types now!
  • Gene Expression & Location are influenced by what’s goin on in the neighboring cells
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12
Q

What is the 4th stage Developmental Process?

A
  • Death!
  • Genetically programed cell suicide= Apoptosis
  • Common in cells that aren’t necessary/ required
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13
Q

What role does the Hormone Androgen play in addition to the Developmental Process?

A
  • Sex Differentiation
  • All fetuses can develop male or female genitalia
  • If Androgen is Present= Fetus is a male
  • If Androgens are Absent= Fetus is a female
  • Androgens come from male fetus itself
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14
Q

What happens to the Zygote in Early Development?

A

-Doubles # of cells twice a day on its way through Fallopian Tube to Womb

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15
Q

What is a Blastocyst?

A
  • Starts to form 4 days after Conception
  • 100 cells arrange in hollow sphere= also called inner cell mass
  • Stage where IDENTICAL TWINS originate
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16
Q

How are Identical Twins formed?

A
  • AKA Minozygotic
  • Splitting up half of the cell mass = have same genetic makeup
  • Share 1 Placenta & outer membrane but each have their OWN SAC
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17
Q

How are Fraternal Twins formed?

A
  • AKA Dizygotic
  • When 2 eggs are released from Ovaries to Fallopian Tube and each is fertilized
  • Not genetically alike bc they came from different egg & sperm
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18
Q

What does the Zygote do after the first week of fertilization?

A
  • Starts to embed itself in the uterine lining
  • Becomes dependent on mother for sustenance
  • Becomes completely embedded before the end of the 2nd week
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19
Q

What happens to the Zygote after it fully implants itself?

A
  • Starts to differentiate
  • The inner cell mass turns into the Embryo & the rest turns into the support system= Placenta, Amniotic Sac, Umbilical cord
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20
Q

What are the layers that the Inner Cell Mass folds itself into?

A
  • Ectoderm= Nervous system, nails, teeth, inner ear, lense of eyes, outer surface of the skin
  • Mesoderm= Muscle, bone, circulatory system, inner layer of skin, other interior organs
  • Endoderm= Digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, glands
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21
Q

What happens after the three layers from the cell mass are formed?

A
  • U shaped groove forms center of the middle layer
  • Folds on the top fuse to create Neural Tube
  • Neural tube closes after 22 days= brain and spinal cord
  • If the Neural Tube fails to close there is a risk of Spinal Bifida
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22
Q

What is the purpose of the Amniotic Sac?

A
  • Membrane filled w/ clear fluid where fetus floats
  • Provides even temperature & cushioning
  • Fetus can exercise its weak muscles since it isn’t affected by gravity
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23
Q

What is the purpose of the Placenta?

A
  • Permits exchange of materials carried in the bloodstream of the fetus to the mother
  • Semipermeable= only oxygen, nutrients, minerals, antibodies
  • A rich network of blood vessels= surface area of 10yds squared
  • Production of estrogen= increases blood flow to the uterus
  • Progesterone suppresses uterine contractions that could lead to prenatal birth
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24
Q

What are the 3 periods that occur throughout pregnancy?

A
  • 1st period= period of the Zygote= conception through implantation of the blastocyst
  • 2nd period= Period of the Embryo= implantation through a complete in-form structure
  • 3rd period= period of the Fetus= completion to birth, increase in size, their system becomes functional
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25
Q

What is Cephalocaudal Development?

A
  • Areas near the head develop earlier than areas further away
  • Head before body, Hands before feet
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26
Q

What happens 4 weeks after Conception?

A
  • Embryo is curved hella tight= head & tail like structure almost touching
  • Face features are starting to appear from the 4 folds in front of the head
  • Face are tissues moving & stretching as other parts of them fuse & separate
  • Primitive heart already beating/ pumping blood
  • Arm & legs bud
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27
Q

What happens 5.5-8 weeks after Conception?

A
  • Nose, mouth, palate are differentiating into different structures
  • 3 weeks later, nose & mouth fully forms
  • Cleft palate occurs from malformation during this time
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28
Q

What happens 9 weeks after Conception?

A
  • Head overwhelms rest of body bc of rapid brain growth (2 hemispheres present)
  • Rudimentary eyes & ears are forming
  • All internal organs are present but still undergo further development
  • Sex differentiation started
  • Ribs are visible, fingers/ toes emerge, nails start to grow
  • Fetus starts to move
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29
Q

What happens 11 weeks after Conception?

A
  • Heart achieved basic adult structure
  • Developing spine & ribs
  • Major divisions in the brain
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30
Q

What happens 12 weeks after Conception?

A
  • Refined movement
  • 3 in long
  • Weights 1/2 oz
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31
Q

What happens 16 weeks after Conception?

A
  • Capable of stronger kicks (mild flutter)

- External genitalia is developed

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32
Q

What happens 18 weeks after Conception?

A
  • Growth of lower body accelerates
  • Reflexes= breathing movements, grasping, swallowing, sucking
  • Covered in fine hair
  • Vernex protects against long immersion in liquid
  • Complex facial expressions= wrinkle forehead, raising eyebrows, move mouth
  • Fetus gains weight= amniotic sac becomes cramped= decrease in movements
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33
Q

What happens 28 weeks after Conception?

A
  • Brain & lungs are sufficiently developed= Viability if baby was born at this time
  • Eyes open & move, especially during REM sleep
  • Auditory system is now functioning
  • Neural activity is now similar to a newborn’s
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34
Q

What happens 32 weeks after Conception?

A
  • It’s sleeping 74% of the time

- More active sleep than quiet sleep

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35
Q

What happens during the last 3 months of Conception?

A
  • Baby triple’s its weight

- By week 36-38 it’s already 7lbs

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36
Q

What role does the fetus play in terms of Behavior?

A

-It’s an active participant & contributor to its own physical & behavioral development

37
Q

What kinds of Movements does the fetus do 5-7weeks after Conception?

A
  • Simple bending of the head & spine
  • 7th week they have distinct patterns of movement like hiccups= burping reflex preparing them for nursing by removing air from stomach and making more room for milk
  • Swallowing Reflex= helps tongue movement and promotes normal development of palate while the amniotic fluid helps the digestive system mature properly
  • Moves limbs= grasps cord, yawns, etc
38
Q

What kinds of Movements does the fetus do 12 weeks after conception?

A
  • Most movement that is present at birth appears
  • Mother still can’t feel the movements
  • Variation of activity from fetus to fetus
39
Q

What is Prenatal Continuity?

A
  • Extends to post natal period
  • Boys will be active after they’re born
  • Fetuses that are more active during Gestation result in temperments during infancy= greater levels of emotional regulation
40
Q

What kinds of Movement does the fetus do 10 weeks after Conception?

A
  • Lungs & rest of the Respiratory system including muscles that move the diaphram in & out must be mature
  • Promotes respiratory rediness
  • No air is inhaled, only small amonts of Amniotic Fluid
  • Intially irregular, increases in rate & stability over 3rd trimester
41
Q

What does the Behavior Cycle look like?

A
  • Rest-Activity cycles emerge at 10 weeks & become stable during 2nd half of pregnancy
  • 2nd half of pregnancy= movement 10-30% of the time
  • Carcadian rhythms become apparent w/ less activity early morning & more in late evening
  • Towards end of pregnancy= 75% of time in REM & NON-REM sleep
42
Q

What is Sight & Touch like for a Fetus?

A
  • Minimal visual experience
  • Experience tactile stimulation bc of their own explorations= rubbing face, grabbing cord
  • Respond to maternal movements= rocking/ swaying
  • Vestibular Systems workin
43
Q

What is Taste like for a Fetus?

A
  • Amniotic Fluid contains different flavors

- Fetus prefers sweeter flavors

44
Q

What is Smell like for a Fetus?

A
  • Amniotic Fluid takes on odors from what the mom has eaten

- Odors are transmitted through the liquid & comes in contact w/ fetus= Olfactory Experience

45
Q

What is Hearing like for a Fetus?

A
  • Womb is filled w/ noise= mom’s heartbeat, breathing, digestive system
  • Fetus hears 70-75dB
  • Frequently hears mom’s voice= recognizes pitch pattern & rhythm
46
Q

What is Habituation?

A
  • Simplest forms of learning

- Decrease in response when stimuli is repeated/ continuous

47
Q

What is Dishabituation?

A

-Noticiable change in stimulis that causes infant to be interested again

48
Q

What is Phylogenetic Continuity?

A
  • Idea bc of our evolutionary history

- Humans share more characteristics & developmental processes w/ other organisms

49
Q

What causes the majority of Embryos to be Miscarried?

A
  • Suffering from severe birth defects

- Missing or having an extra chromosome=impossible further development

50
Q

What are Teratogens?

A
  • External Agents that can cause damage or death during prenatal development
  • Many will only cause damage during the Sensitive Period= where structures are being formed
  • Dose-Related Relation= the greater the exposure to the teratogen, the greater chance that it’ll suffer severe damage
  • Can have different effects based on Individual Differences of genetic susceptibility
  • Sleeper Effects= impact may/ may not be appearant for many years
51
Q

What is Fetal Programming?

A
  • When belated emergence of effects programs physiological set points & governs physiology in adulthood
  • EX; Inadequate prenatal nutrition= fetus metabolism adjusting but DOES NOT reset itself after birth=obesity
52
Q

What are the different categories of Teratogens?

A
  • Drugs
  • Alcohol
  • Smoking
  • Enviornmental Pollutants
53
Q

What effects do Antidepressants have when taken during Pregnacy?

A
  • Helps reduce the risk of post-partum depression
  • Infants are at risk for social & cognitive challenges
  • Reports= if pregnant ladies are taking SSRI=Increased risk of Cardiac Malfromations, low birth weight, preterm birth, Autisim Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
54
Q

What effects do Opiods have when taken during Pregnancy?

A
  • Fetus can become addicted themselves

- Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS)= drug withdrawl= low birth weight, seizures, problems breathing/feeding

55
Q

What effects does Marijuana have when taken during Pregnancy?

A
  • Stays in mom’s body for 30 days= increases negative effects on developing fetus
  • More than doubles risk of Still Born birth
  • Lower birth weight= increased time spent at NICU
  • Associated with problems w/ attention, impulsivity, learning, & memory in older children
56
Q

What effects does Cigarette Smoking have when done during Pregnancy?

A
  • Dose-Related relationship
  • Mom & fetus get less oxygen= decreases the breathing movements in the fetus
  • Fetus metabolizes cancer causing agents
  • 2nd hand smoke= indirect effect on fetal oxygen
  • Slow fetal growth & low birth weight
  • Increased risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
  • Lower IQ, hearing decifits, ADHD, cancer
57
Q

What effects does Alcohol have during Pregnancy?

A
  • Leading cause of fetal brain injury
  • Alcohol in mom crosses Placenta into the blood stream of the fetus & amnitoic fluid= Direct & indirect exposure= prevents oxygen & nutrition
  • Concetrations in mom’s & fetus quickly equalize= fetus has less ability to metabolize & remove it
  • Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) & FAS= Small eyes, smooth philitrum, thin top lip, intellectual disability, attention problems, vision/hearing problems
58
Q

What effects do Enviornmental Pollutants have during Pregnancy?

A
  • Dose-Related Relationship= Higher levels in mom= higher level of miscarriage
  • Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB)= causes newborn to have small heads
  • Lead=potent neurotoxin= effects level of intelligence & achievement & also development of ADHD symptoms
59
Q

How does the Mom’s age effect the Baby during pregnancy?

A
  • Babies born from teen girls= more 3-4 times more likely to die before their first birthday
  • Babies born from women in their 30s-40s have greater chance of Fetal Chromosomal Abnormalities (FCA) & birth complications
  • Hightened risk of ASD
  • Fathers age also preditcts ASD but not as much as mom’s age
60
Q

How does the Mom’s Nutrition effect the Baby during pregnancy?

A
  • if mom has Inadequate diet, baby will be nutrionally deprived
  • Women w/ too little Folic Acid (Vitamin B)= high risk for having infant w/ Spinal Bifida
  • Malnutrion effects growth of Fetal Brain= fewer brain cells
  • Individual differences of math and reading abilities will become apparant
61
Q

What kind of Diseases can the mom catch? how will it effect the Baby during pregnancy?

A
  • Rubella (3 Day Measles)= major malformation, deafness, blindness, intellectual disabilities
  • Cytomegalovirus (Type of Herpes)= most common cause of congenital infection= Damages fetus nervous system, hearing
  • Gential Herpes= if infant comes in contact w/ active herpes lesions in birth canal= blindness & death
  • HIV Infections= can somtimes be passed to the fetus in womb or during birth but majority of babies do not become infected themselves
62
Q

What effect does the Mom’s Psychopathology have on the Baby during pregnancy?

A
  • Schizophrenia is 3x more likely to occur when mom had Flu during her 1st Trimester of pregnancy
  • Maternal Flu & other infections= interacts w/ genetic factors which result in mental illness like Autism
  • Genes that are central to Immune System’s response= infections may be involved w/ brain development
  • ASD is the most heritiable development disorder bc of high levels of Cytokines in developing brain or autoimmune response
63
Q

What effect does the Zika Virus have on the Baby during pregnancy?

A
  • Cause Microcephaly= Baby’s head is really small
  • Issues in brain development= sensory problems (hearing loss/ vision) to seizures & intellectual disability
  • Infects Cortical- Neural Progenitor Cells= stunts brain growth
  • No vaccine can protect women against Zika
64
Q

How does the Maternal Emotional State effect the Baby during pregnancy?

A
  • Fetus itself can influence mom’s state= changes in fetus heart rate & movements= changes mom Psycholoical state & heart rate
  • Genetic Factors link maternal stress & post natal outcomes
  • Prental enviornment= strongest predictor of maternal stess
  • For child anxiety, post natal stress was the strongest predictor of later outcomes
65
Q

What happens in the Mom 38 weeks after Conception/ when her baby is due?

A
  • Contractions of the muscles of the Uterus begin initiating birth
  • Baby already rotated itself to Head-Down Position
  • Maturing lungs release protein= triggers onset of labor
66
Q

How do Pain Medications effect the Birthing Experience?

A
  • Highly effective & do not appear to increase rate of C-sections
  • Prolong labor & use of medical instruments (forceps)
67
Q

What is the Pain like for the Mom?

A

-Comes from tissues being stretched

68
Q

How is the Birthing Experience like for the Baby?

A
  • Head size is temporarily reduced bc the separate plates are being squeezed together to allow passing through pelvic bones
  • Stimulates production of hormones= helps fetus withstand oxygen deprivation during birth
  • Amniotic Fluid is squeezed out of the baby’s lungs= prepares it for 1st breath= strong cry= also makes subsequent breathing easier
69
Q

Why is there a High Rate of C-Sections in the U.S?

A
  • Multiple births
  • Scheduling convenience for both parents & doctors
  • Maternal obesity
  • Prior C-sections
  • Physicians attempt to reduce malpractice problems w/ vaginal birth
70
Q

Who are Doulas?

A
  • People trained to assist women physically & emotionally during labor & delivery
  • Enhances women’s participation in childbirth
  • Interaction w/ baby in skin-to-skin contact
71
Q

What is the State of Arousal?

A
  • Continuum of arousal ranging from deep sleep to intense activity
  • Dramatically affects your interaction w/ the environment with what you notice, do, learn, think about
  • Affects the ability for others to interact w/ you
72
Q

What does Sleeping Like a Baby mean?

A

-Sleeping for about 16 hours

73
Q

What is REM Sleep?

A
  • Active sleep state
  • 50% of newborn’s total sleep time
  • Quick / jerky eye movements, distinctive pattern of brain activity, body movement, irregular heart rate & breathing
74
Q

What is NON-REM Sleep?

A
  • Quiet sleep state
  • Absence of motor activity/ eye movements
  • Slow brain waves, breathing, heart rate
75
Q

How does REM Sleep help babies develop?

A
  • Developing their visual system= high levels of brain activity
  • Make up for natural deprivation of visual stimulation
  • Myoclonic Twitching (jerky eye movements)= helps them build Sensorimotor Maps= linking motor patterns w/ specific sensations they evoke
76
Q

How does the Sleep Pattern change when the Infants gets older?

A
  • Newborns cycle between sleep & wake several times in 24 hr period
  • Course of 1st year= nighttime awakens disappears (variable across babies tho)
  • Mothers who are sensitive to babies cry= more likely that the baby will continue vs. when the time it takes mom to respond decreases= less time crying at night
77
Q

How does Crying change as the baby matures?

A
  • Peaks at 6-8 weeks
  • Decrease in frequency 3-6 months bc baby has more control over environment
  • Shaken Baby Syndrome= child abuse= severe trauma or death
78
Q

How might you Soothe a Crying baby?

A
  • Swaddling=high level of tactile stimulation and warmth

- Carrying infants= decreases their heart rate, physical movement, crying

79
Q

What is Colic and how might it affect the baby?

A
  • Excessive/ inconsolable crying for no reason during 1sr month of life
  • May be caused by allergic reactions, formula intolerance, immature gut development, excessive gassiness
  • Typically ends at 3 months of age
80
Q

What is Low Birth Weight?

A
  • 5.5lbs (2500g)
  • Premature/Preterm= born before the ideal 37 weeks
  • Heightened risk of medical complications
  • High rates of Neurosensory deficits, more illness, lower IQ, Low educational achievement
  • More problems w/ sleep, waking up, staying alert
81
Q

What is Small for Gestational Age?

A
  • May be Preterm or Full term

- Weighs less than normal for their age

82
Q

What is Very Low Birth Weight?

A
  • 3.3lbs (1500g)
  • Medical complications
  • Developmental deficits
  • Death
83
Q

What are the Causes of Low Birth Weight?

A
  • Teratogens (smoking, drinking, drugs, environmental pollution)
  • Mostly common among minorities
84
Q

What are the Long Term Outcomes for LBW babies?

A
  • White-matter reduction
  • Ventricular enlargement
  • Abnormal Brain development
  • BUT majority of Moderate- slightly LBW babies turn out fine
85
Q

What is Kangeroo Care?

A
  • Skin-to-skin contact
  • Decreases mortality
  • Increases growth, breastfeeding, attachment
  • Vital part of newborn’s life
86
Q

How might Singing & Massaging help LBW babies?

A
  • Gain weight faster

- Help them become more alert

87
Q

What is the Multiple Risk Model?

A
  • Risk tends to occur together
  • The more risk, the worse the potential outcomes
  • Effects child from language development to attachment to well being
88
Q

What are the Resilient Characteristics?

A
  • Helps children who were LBW
  • Personal characteristics (intelligence), responsiveness to others, sense of being able to achieve their goals
  • Responsive care from another person

CHILD PSY 235 (10 decks)

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