Sedimentology

Question 1

pieces of broken down, pre-existing rocks at or near the earth’s surface

Answer 1

sediment

Question 2

model of the processes responsible for the production of sediments and sedimentary rocks

Answer 2

sedimentary cycle

Question 3

what is the sequence of the sedimentary cycle?

Answer 3

Weathering-Erosion-Transport-Deposition-Diagenesis

Question 4

physical breakdown or chemical alteration of rocks

Answer 4

weathering

Question 5

factors affecting weathering

Answer 5

1. climate
2. rock characteristics
3. differential weathering

Question 6

layer of rock fragments produced by weathering

Answer 6

regolith

Question 7

physical breakdown or disintegration of rocks

Answer 7

mechanical weathering

Question 8

chemical breakdown or decomposition of rocks

Answer 8

chemical weathering

Question 9

physical removal of material by mobile agents

Answer 9

erosion

Question 10

horizontal freeze-thaw action of water trapped in rocks that eventually disintegrate rocks

Answer 10

frost wedging

Question 11

vertical freeze-thaw action of water trapped in rocks that eventually disintegrate rocks

Answer 11

frost heaving

Question 12

salt from seawater accumulate through cracks in rock and disintegrate them at the crystal grows

Answer 12

salt crystal growth

Question 13

rocks originally covered are uncovered and are relieved from pressure, causing expansion

Answer 13

sheeting or unloading

Question 14

organisms burrow and break the rocks

Answer 14

biological action

Question 15

intrusions from beneath exert pressure on the rock mass, fracturing it

Answer 15

intrusions

Question 16

a solution with components reactive to rocks decompose the rock mass

Answer 16

solution

Question 17

chemical breakdown of minerals in rocks due to addition of water

Answer 17

hydrolysis

Question 18

chemical breakdown of minerals in rocks due to exposure to oxygen

Answer 18

oxidation

Question 19

diagram depicting mineral susceptibility to weathering

Answer 19

Goldich Stability Series

Question 20

4 transport media

Answer 20

1. air
2. water
3. ice
4. gravity

Question 21

2 modes of transport

Answer 21

1. bedload
2. suspended load

Question 22

sediments rolling through the surface of the bed

Answer 22

rolling

Question 23

series of jumping movement of sediments

Answer 23

saltation

Question 24

sediments suspended in the transporting media

Answer 24

suspension

Question 25

transportation ceases and sediments accumulate

Answer 25

deposition

Question 26

suite of low temperature processes that affect sediments after their accumulation

Answer 26

diagenesis

Question 27

expulsion of inter-granular fluids caused by increases in confining pressure during progressive burial

Answer 27

compaction

Question 28

subsurface fluids precipitate minerals in the spaces between rocks that bind the grains to one another

Answer 28

cementation

Question 29

major cements in sedimentary rocks

Answer 29

1. silica
2. carbonates
3. iron oxides and hydroxides
4. feldspars
5. clay

Question 30

early, shallow diagenesis that occurs shortly after burial

Answer 30

eodiagenesis

Question 31

later, deeper diagenesis

Answer 31

mesodiagenesis

Question 32

still later, shallow diagenesis as rocks approach the surface due to erosion

Answer 32

telodiagenesis