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Petrology > Magma and Lava > Flashcards

Magma and Lava Flashcards

1
Q

molten rock material generated by partial melting in the earth’s crust

A

magma

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2
Q

magma that rises and erupts onto the surface of the earth

A

lava

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3
Q

liquid portion of the magma

A

melt

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4
Q

gaseous portion of the magma

A

volatiles

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5
Q

solid portion of the magma

A

crystals

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6
Q

magma will move to areas with _ pressure

A

less

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7
Q

magma moves _

A

upward

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8
Q

magma is naturally _ than the surrounding rock

A

less dense

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9
Q

depending on its composition and temperature, magma _

A

evolves

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10
Q

gases in magma tend to be _ in the melt portion at depth due to high _

A

dissolved; pressures

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11
Q

as SiO2 becomes concentrated, magma becomes more

A

viscous

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12
Q

the process where magma and lava loses its heat and solidifies

A

crystallization

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13
Q

rocks that formed as a result if crytallization

A

igneous rocks

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14
Q

igneous rocks that formed beneath the earth’s surface

A

plutonic/intrusive igneous rocks

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15
Q

igneous rocks that solidified at the earth’s surface

A

volcanic/extrusive igneous rocks

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16
Q

will tend to have larger crystal sizes

A

intrusive igneous rocks

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17
Q

will tend to have smaller crystal sizes

A

extrusive igneous rocks

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18
Q

the process where pre-existing rock is heated to the point of partially melting

A

partial melting

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19
Q

partial melting within the earth’s crust

A

anatexis

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20
Q

factors determining the type of magma

A
  1. composition, temperature, and depth of source rock
  2. % partial melting of source rock
  3. source rock’s previous melting history
  4. diversification processes after partial melting
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21
Q

3 origins of magma

A
  1. temperature increase
  2. decompression melting
  3. addition of volatiles
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22
Q

magma is generated through heat transfer from a hot body until the melting point of the minerals present is reached

A

temperature increase

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23
Q

the increase of temperature with depth

A

geothermal gradient

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24
Q

the result of a decrease in pressure in the system

A

decompression/adiabatic melting

25
Q

agents that reduce the melting point of rocks

A

flux

26
Q

the presence of flux weakening the bonds between atoms, making it melt

A

addition of volatiles

27
Q

crystallization along the walls of a magma chamber and crystals preferentially form and adhere to the edges

A

marginal accretion

28
Q

fractionation processes that occur when crystals develop with significantly different densities than the magma

A

gravitational separation

29
Q

dense minerals sink and accumulate at the bottom of the magma body

A

crystal settling

30
Q

light minerals float and accumulate at the top of the magma body

A

crystal flotation

31
Q

magma body is subjected to stress, squeezing out the melt and leaving behind crystals

A

filter pressing

32
Q

liquids and crystals are segregated due to velocity, density, and temperature

A

convective flow segregation

33
Q

two or more dissimilar magmas coexist but retain their distinctive characteristics

A

magma mingling

34
Q

mixing of two or more magmas, with their individual characteristics no longer recognizable

A

magma mixing

35
Q

development of more than one type of igneous rock from a parent magma

A

magmatic differentiation

36
Q

the incorporation and digestion of foreign material into the magma body

A

magmatic assimilation

37
Q

inclusions in magmatic bodies

A

xenolith

38
Q

a body of magma

A

pluton

39
Q

rocks that break away from the surrounding rock and assimilate into the pluton

A

stopes

40
Q

one parent magma produces two distinct daughter magma

A

liquid fractionation

41
Q

selective diffusion of ions in the magma due to compositional, thermal, or density gradients

A

differential diffusion

42
Q

separation of magma into two or more liquid phases

A

liquid immiscibility/liquid-liquid fractionation

43
Q

genetically related magmas that evolved from a parent magma

A

magma series/magma suite

44
Q

decrease in Fe and Mg with increasing silica and alkali concentrations

A

calc-alkaline magma

45
Q

where do calc-alkaline magmas occur

A

convergent margin environments with volcanic arcs and subduction zones

46
Q

enrichment in Fe, low to moderate SiO2 concentrations, depleted MgO and CaO

A

tholeiitic magma

47
Q

where do tholeiitic magmas occur?

A

extensional environments such as ocean ridges and continental rifts. also in intraplate settings with immature arcs and volcanic arc crusts

48
Q

highly enriched in Na2O and/or K2O and contains extremely diverse SiO2 contents

A

alkaline magmas

49
Q

high concentration of silicic and basic rocks, with little intermediate rocks

A

bimodal magma

50
Q

bimodal magma suites

A

basic from mantle; silicic from crust

51
Q

bivariate diagrams showing the relative relationship of oxide compounds

A

Harker Diagrams

52
Q

as silica increases in a harker diagram

A

K2O and Na2O also increase

53
Q

most abundant element in the earth’s crust

A

OSAICSPM

54
Q

5 types of magma

A
  1. ultramafic
  2. mafic
  3. intermediate
  4. dacitic
  5. felsic
55
Q

magma that is <45% SiO2, >1,200°C, very fluid, very low gas content

A

ultramafic magma

56
Q

magma that is 45-52% SiO2, 1,200-1,000°C, fluid, low gas content

A

mafic magma

57
Q

magma that is 52-63% SiO2, 1,000-800°C, intermediate viscosity and gas content

A

intermediate magma

58
Q

magma that is 63-68% SiO2

A

dacitic magma

59
Q

magma that is 68-77% SiO2, 800°C-600°C, highly viscous, very gaseous

A

felsic magma

Petrology (10 decks)

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