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Correlation 1 > Sedimentary Petrology > Flashcards

Sedimentary Petrology Flashcards

1
Q

It is a branch of study concerned with the composition, characteristics and origins of sedimentary rocks

A

Sedimentary Petrology

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2
Q

these are particles that have been mechanically transported by water, wind or ice or chemically precipitated from solution or secreted by organisms and deposited in loose layers on the Earth’s surface

A

Sediment

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3
Q

Originates and is transported as solid particles from both mechanical and chemical weathering

A

Detrital Material
or
Clastic Material

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4
Q

these are produced largely by chemical weathering

A

Soluble Material

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5
Q

rocks that formed at low temperature and pressure, found at or near the Earth’s surface

A

Sedimentary Rocks

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6
Q

these are formed from cemented sediment grains that are fragmented of pre-existing rocks

A

Detrital or Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

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7
Q

These are deposited by precipitation of minerals from solution

A

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks

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8
Q

these are formed by the accumulation of the remains of organisms

A

Organic Sedimentary Rock

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9
Q

The physical breakdown and chemical alteration of rocks at or near the Earth’s surface

A

Weathering

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10
Q

disintegrated rock particles are transported from the source or parent rock to its site of deposition

A

Transportation

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11
Q

occurs when the transported material settles or comes to rest as the medium of transport loses energy and can no longer transport its load

A

Deposition

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12
Q

as material precipitates from water tthat percolates through the sediment, open spaces are filled and particles are joined together into a solid mass

A

Cementation

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13
Q

the weight of the overlying material compresses more deeply buried sediment

A

Compaction

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14
Q

complex process whereby freshly deposited loose grains of sediment are converted into rock

A

Lithification

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15
Q

a collective term for all changes that take place in texture, composition, and other physical properties after sediments are deposited

A

Diagenesis

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16
Q

a grade scale for classifying the diameters of sediments.

A

Udden-Wentworth Scale or Wentworth Scale

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17
Q

Particles with

a. <1/256mm
b. 1/256 - 1/16mm
c. 1/16 - 2 mm
d. >2 mm

A

Clay
Silt
Sand
Gravel

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18
Q

Particle with the grain diameter of

a. 2 - 1 mm
b. 1/4 - 1/8 mm
c. 32 mm
d. 1/64 - 1/128mm

A

Very Coarse Sand
Fine Sand
Cobble
Fine Silt

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19
Q

consolidated gravel; composed of well-rounded pebbles

A

Conglomerate

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20
Q

term used if most of the clasts are between 64mm and 256mm in diameter of rock

A

Cobble Conglomerate

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21
Q

mixture of rounded and angular clasts

A

Breccio-Conglomerate

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22
Q

clasts that are angular in shape

A

Breccia

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23
Q

a gravelstone with a mud-supported matric, commonly deposited from glaciers, sediment gravity flows, particularly debris flows.

A

Diamictite

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24
Q

All clasts have the same material

A

Monomictic

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25
Q

composed of clasts of the same material as the matrix and is formed as a result of reworking of lithified sediment soon after deposition

A

Intraformational Conglomerate

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26
Q

rocks with equally spaced fracture planes in all directions, which will form spherical clasts when the edges are rounded off

A

Cubic (Equant)

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27
Q

rock that is clast-supported; A conglomerate in which all clasts are in contact with other clasts

A

Orthoconglomerate

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28
Q

used where there are just two or three clasts types present

A

Oligomictic

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29
Q

a matrix-supported texturel; A conglomerate in which most clasts are not in contact

A

Paraconglomerate

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30
Q

conglomerate that contains clasts of many different lithologies

A

Polymictic

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31
Q

a conglomerate in which clasts are exotic. Clasts are derived from a distant source

A

Extraformational Conglomerate

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32
Q

bedrock lithologies that break up into slabs form clasts with one axis shorter than the other

A

Oblate (Discoid)

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33
Q

when a discoid clasts are moved into a flow of water, these are preferentially oriented and may stack up in a form called ____________

A

Imbrication

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34
Q

those which are less susceptible to physical and chemical breakdown have a higher chance of being preserved as a clast in a conglomerate

A

Resistant Lithologies

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35
Q

clasts are less common, forming mainly from metamorphic rocks with a strong linear fabric

A

Rod-Shaped (Prolate)

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36
Q

grains that form within the depositional environment, they are pieces of plant or animal, but there are some which are formed by chemical reactions

A

Biogenic Particle

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37
Q

grains in the size of 1/16 - 2mm

A

Sand

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38
Q

Components of sand and sandstone

A 
Detrital Minerals
Authigenic Materials
Matrix
Lithic Fragments
Biogenic Particles
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39
Q

Minerals that grow as crystals

A

Authigenic Materials

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40
Q

a rock if the amount of matrix is >15%

A

Arenite

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41
Q

a method whereby a thin section on a petrographic microscope is examined by stepping across thin sections at equal intervals

A

Point Counting

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42
Q

is defined as the grain suze of material between 4 and 62 microns in diameter

A

Silt

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43
Q

are group pf phyllosilicate minerals that are main constituents if clay-sized particles

A

Clay Minerals

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44
Q

general term for any indurated sediment made up of silt and/or clay

A

Mudrock

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45
Q

If the rock has

a. ≥2/3 clay
b. ≥2/3 silt
c. >1/3 silt + >1/3 clay

A

Claystone
Siltstone
Mudstone

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46
Q

strong tendency to break in one direction, parallel to bedding

A

Fissility

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47
Q

applied to any mudrock that shows fissility

A

Shale

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48
Q

is a textural term to define the finest grade of clastic sedimentary particles

A

Clay

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49
Q

most common mineral seen in silt deposits

A

Quartz

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50
Q

these are the deposist from strong, persistent winds that carry silt-sized dust thousands of kilometers

A

Loess Deposit

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51
Q

most common member of the Kandite Group

A

Kaolinite

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52
Q

a product of more moderate temperature conditions in soils with neutraal to alkaline pH

A

Montmorillonite

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53
Q

swelling or expanding clay

A

Montmorillonite

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54
Q

generally formed in soil profiles in warm, humid environments where acidic waters intensely leach bedrock lithologies such as granite

A

Kaolinite

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55
Q

a clay mineral with two patterns of layering

A

Kandite group

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56
Q

most common clay mineral in sediments

form in soils in temperate areas where leaching is limited

A

illite

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57
Q

forms in soils in arid climate with moderate leaching

fairly acidic groundwater conditions

A

Chlorite

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58
Q

an equipment that scans the surface of the sample which features micro imaging technique

A

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

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59
Q

cohesive properties of clay minerals in suspension tend to form small aggregates of individual particles, it is called as ________

A

Flocculation

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60
Q

fragments that make up a sedimentary rock are called

A

Clasts

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61
Q

the distribution of clast sizes present

A

Sorting

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62
Q

During sediment transport, sharp edges tend to be chipped off first, the abrasion smoothens the surface of the clast

A

Clast Roundness

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63
Q

a relatively quick and easy method of semi-quantitatively determining the mineral composition of fine-grained sediment

A

X-Ray Diffractometer

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64
Q

is an inherited feature, that is, it depends on the shapes of the fragments which formed during weathering

A

Sphericity

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65
Q

describing individual clasts, the dimensions can be considered in terms of closeness to sphere

A

Clast Sphericity

66
Q

tendency to break in a certain direction or show a strong alignment of elongate clasts

A

Fabric

67
Q

quantitative assessment of the percentages of different grain sizes in clastic sediments and sedimentary rocks is called

A

Granulometric Analysis

68
Q

is laid over the loose material or on a surface of conglomerate and each clast measured within its area

A

Quadrant

69
Q

indicator of whether the grain-size histogram is symmetrical or is skewed to a higher percentage of coarser or finer material

A

Skewness

70
Q

the extent to which the material has changed when compared with the starting material of the bedrock it was derived from

A

Maturity

71
Q

a measure of the proportion of resistant or stable minerals present in the sediment

A

Compositional Maturity

72
Q

there has been one cycle of erosion, transport and deposition

A

First Cycle

73
Q

general term for solid sedimentary particles regardless of origin

A

Clastic or Detrital

74
Q

Used for clastic sediment that is transported as solid particle across Earth’s surface

A

Epiclastic

75
Q

used for clastic particles or organic origin such as shell fragments transported by waves or currents

A

Bioclastic

76
Q

_____ refers to redeposited material

A

Second Cycle

77
Q

the texture of sediment or sedimentary rock can be used to indicate information about the erosion, transport, and depositional history.

A

Textural Maturity

78
Q

used for clastic particles produced initially by volcanic processes

A

Volcaniclastic

79
Q

used for clastic particles composed of silicate minerals

A

Siliclastic

80
Q

% of Mg in

a. Low Mg Calcite
b. High Mg Calcite

A

a. <4%

b. 11-19%

81
Q

large group of organisms that have a fossil record back to the Cambrian and commonly have calcareous hard parts

A

Molluscs

82
Q

have a distinctive layered shell structure consisting of two or three layers of calcite, or aragonite, or both

A

Bivalve Molluscs

83
Q

shelly organisms with two shells and hence superficially similar to bivalves

A

Brachiopods

84
Q

have a calcite or aragonite layered structure and are distinctive for their coiled form

A

Gastropods

85
Q

layered shell structure and in common with most other molluscs, this is a feature that may be recognizable in fragments of shell under the microscope

A

Cephalopods

86
Q

cephalopods that had a cigar-shaped guard of radial, fibrous calcite

A

Belemnites

87
Q

hard body parts out of whole low-magnesium calcite crystals

A

Echinoids

88
Q

they reconstruct their body parts out of whole calcite crystals, with discs that make up the stem or a ______ forming sizeable accumulations in Carboniferous sediments

A

Crinoids

89
Q

small, single-celled marine organisms that range from a few tens of microns in diameter to tens of millimeters across

A

Foraminifera

90
Q

largest calcium carbonate biogenic structure

A

Cnidaria (Corals_)

91
Q

have a symbiotic relationship with algae that require clear, warm, shallow marine waters.

A

Hermatypic Corals

92
Q

do not have algae and can exist in colder, deeper water

A

ahermatypic Corals

93
Q

Single-celled protozoans are seen mainly as encrusting organisms today but in the past they formed large colonies

A

Bryozoa

94
Q

they are an important source of biogenic carbonate and are important contributors of fine-grained sediment in carbonate environment through much of the geologic record

A

Algae & Microbial Organisms

95
Q

known as the coralline algae

A

Red Algae (Photophyta)

96
Q

have calcified stems and branches, often segmented that contribute fine rods and grains of calcium carbonate to the sediment when the organism dies

A

Green Algae (Chlorophyta)

97
Q

they are extremely important contributors to marine sediments in parts of the stratigraphic record

A

Yellow Algae (Nanoplankton)

98
Q

these organisms are not classified separately to algae

A

Cyanobacteria

99
Q

the algal mats formed by these organisms

A

Microbial/Bacterial Mats

100
Q

the filaments an sticky surfaces of the cyanobacteria act as traps for fine-grained carbonate and as the structure grows it forms layered, flat or domes structures called ___

A

Stromatolites

101
Q

cyanobacterial communities that have an irregular rather than layered form

A

Thrombolites

102
Q

they are irregular concentric structures mm to cm across formed of layers bound by cyanobacteria found as clasts within carbonate sediments

A

Oncoids

103
Q

spherical bodies of CaCO3 less than 2mm

A

Ooids

104
Q

concentrically layered carbonate particles over 2mm across,

A

Pisoids

105
Q

commonly fecal pellets of marine organisms, mostly particles less than a mm across

A

Peloids

106
Q

fragments of CaCO3 material that has been partly lithified and then broken up and reworked to form a clast which is incorporated into the sediment

A

Interclasts

107
Q

are fine-grained siliceous sedimentary rocks made up of silt-sized interlocking quartz crystals

A

Cherts

108
Q

it is considered carbonaceous if it contains a proportion of organic materials

___% for mudrock
___% limestone
___% sandstone

A

> 2% mudrock
0.2% limestone
0.05% sandstone

109
Q

long-term preservation of dead vegetation is favoured by the wet, anaerobic conditions of mires, bogs, and swamps

A

Peat

110
Q

if >2/3 of a rock is solid organic matter if may be called ____
economic ___ have less than ___% non-organic, noncombustible material

A

Coal

10%

111
Q

bright, shiny black coal that usually breaks cubically and mostly consists of woody tissues

A

Vitrain

112
Q

black or grey in color, dull and rough coal that usually contains a lot of spore and detrital plant material

A

Durain

113
Q

black, fibrous with a silky luster, friable and soft coal that represents fossil charcoal

A

Fusain

114
Q

banded, layered coal that consists of alternations of other 3 types

A

Clarain

115
Q

microscopic examination of these lithotypes reveals that a number of different particle types can be recognized

A

macerals

116
Q

origin of which is mainly cell walls of woody tissue and leaves

A

Vitrinite

117
Q

mainly comes from spores, cuticles and resins

A

Liptinite

118
Q

burnt, oxidized or degraded plant material

A

Inertinite

119
Q

mudrocks that contain a high proportion of organic material that can be driven off as a liquid or gas by heating

A

Oil Shales

120
Q

are clastic sediments that are saturated with HC and they are the exposed equivalents of subsurface of oil reservoirs

A

Tar Sands

Oil Sands

121
Q

% Marine Evaporites

a. CaCO3
b. CaSO4
c. NaCl
d. KCl

A

a. 0.3%
b. 3.5%
c. 78
d. 18%

122
Q

Sequence of Precipitation of marine Evaporites

A

CaCO3
CaSO4
NaCl
KCl and MgCl

123
Q

precipitated from seawater once evaporation has concentrated the water to __% of its original volume

a. 19%
b. 9.5%

A

a. Calcium Sulphate

b. Halite

124
Q

an important source of industrial potash and is interpreted as the product of of extreme evaporation of marine water

A

Sylvite

125
Q

rocks with concentrations of phosphate (5-35% P2O5) are called ____

A

Phosphorites

126
Q

Phosphorites are composed of _____, which is Fluorapatite

A

Francolite

127
Q

Sedimentary rocks that contain at least 15% Iron ore referred to as

A

Ironstone
or
Iron Formation

128
Q

are black to dark brown in color and range from a few mm to many cm across as _____ or as extensive laminated crusts on hard substrates

A

Nodules

129
Q

method for representing a series of beds of sedimentary or sedimentary rocks

A

Sedimentary Logs

130
Q

features that give the direction of flow

A

Unidirectional Indicator

131
Q

structures that provide information about the axis of the current but do no differentiate between upstream and downstream directions

A

Flow Axis Indicator

132
Q

information about the source of sediment

A

Provenance

133
Q

used to determine the average chemical composition of large continental areas

A

Mud and Mudrock Analysis

134
Q

sum of the characteristics of a sedimentary unit

A

Facies

135
Q

confined to the physical and chemical characteristics of a rock

A

Lithofacies

136
Q

Observation concentrate on the fauna and flora present

A

biofacies

137
Q

focuses on trace fossils

A

Trace Fossils

138
Q

temporal and spatial relationships between depositional facies as observed in the present day and recorded in sedimentary rocks

A

Walther’s law

139
Q

provides a framework of understanding the processes that lead to the formation of mountains as well as providing for how all the main morphological features of the crust have been formed throughout most of earth history

A

Plate Tectonic Theory

140
Q

is a consequence of the movement of any body travelling towards or away from the poles over the surface of a rotating sphere

A

Coriolis Force

141
Q

is an important stage in the transformation of bedrock and regolith into detritus available for transport and deposition

A

Soil Formation

142
Q

a coherent mass of bedrock moving downslope without significantly breaking

A

Landslide

143
Q

with significant breaking of the bedrock accumulates as a chaotic mass at the bass of slope

A

Rock Fall

144
Q

Regolith is lubricated with water as it moves down the slope, almost imperceptible

A

Soil Creep

145
Q

intermediate between landslides and soil creep, instantaneous events like landslides but has plastic material due to water saturation forms an internallt deformed masss

A

Slumping

146
Q

laminar flow, similar to a slump but with more water involved

A

Debris Flow

147
Q

weathered detritus in mountain areas that accumulated near the bottom of the slope

A

Scree

148
Q

initial erosion by water on hillsides, unconfined surface run-off down a slope following rain

A

Sheet Wasg

149
Q

The result of atmospheric differences that are partly due to global distribution and local variations in pressure complex shifting patterns

A

Wind

150
Q

is most effective on land surfaces with sparse vegetation

A

Wind Erosion

151
Q

occurs by frictional action of block of materials in ice on the bedrock

A

Abrasion

152
Q

occurs when glaciers flow over an obstacle

A

Plucking

153
Q

lowering of land surface by a combination of weathering and erosion

A

denudation

154
Q

change in the height of the ground over the sea

A

Relief

155
Q

essential to all chemical processes

A

Water

156
Q

presence of acids enhances hydrolysis and dissolved oxidizing agents facilitate oxidation reactions

A

Water Chemistry

157
Q

high discharge in streams but dense vegetation reduces soil erosion even on steep slopes

A

High Rainfall

158
Q

effectively protects the bedrock and overlying regolith from rain impact and overland water flow; stabilizes mountain slopes; bind fine detritus into soil protecting it from wind

A

Dense Vegetation Cover

159
Q

Removal of mass from an uplifted bedrock

A

Isostatic Uplift

160
Q

an orographic effect resulting to a sharp climatic division across a mountain range

A

Thermochronology

Correlation 1 (17 decks)

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