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Correlation 1 > Historical Geology > Flashcards

Historical Geology Flashcards

1
Q

– placing rocks in their proper sequence of formation, first, second, third, and so on.

A

Relative Dating

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2
Q

– it states that in an underformed sequence of sedimentary rocks, each bed is older that the one above it and younger than the one below.

A

Law of Superposition

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3
Q
  • it means that layers of sediment are generally deposited in a horizontal position
A

Law of Original Horizontality

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4
Q

When a fault cuts through other rocks, or when magma

intrudes and crystallizes, we can assume that the fault or intrusion is younger than the rocks affected

A

Principle of Cross Cutting

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5
Q

these are pieces of one rock unit that are contained within another. The rock mass adjacent to the one containing the inclusions must have been there first in order to provide the rock fragments. Therefore, the rock mass containing inclusions is the younger of
the two

A

Inclusions

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6
Q

represents a long period during which deposition ceased, erosion removed previously formed rocks, and then deposition resumed.

A

Unconformity

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7
Q

It consists of tilted or folded sedimentary rocks that are

overlain by younger, more flat-lying strata

A

Angular Unconformity

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8
Q

are more common but usually far less conspicuous because the strata on either side are essentially parallel

A

Disconformity

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9
Q

the break separates older metamorphic or intrusive igneous rocks from younger sedimentary strata

A

Nonconformity

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10
Q

the remains or traces of prehistoric life. An important inclusions in sediment and sedimentary rocks

A

Fossils

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11
Q

an interdisciplinary science that blends geology and biology in an attempt to understand all aspects of the succession of life over the vast expanse of
geologic time

A

Paleontology

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12
Q

the small internal cavities and pores of the original structure are filled with precipitated mineral matter

A

Petrified

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13
Q

the cell walls and other solid material are removed and replaced with mineral matter.

A

Replacement

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14
Q

Created when a shell or other structure is buried in sediment and then dissolved by underground water,

A

Mold

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15
Q

It occurs when fine sediment encases the remains of an organism

A

Carbonation

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16
Q
  • If the film of carbon is lost from a fossil preserved in fine-grained sediment, a replica of the surface that may show considerable detaail
A

Impression

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17
Q

created when hollow spaces are subsequently filled with mineral matter

A

Cast

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18
Q

these are the traces of prehistoric life

A

Trace Fossil

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19
Q

animal footprints made in soft sediment that was later lithified

A

Tracks

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20
Q

fossil dung and stomach contents that can provide useful informationpertaining to food habits of organisms

A

Coprolite

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21
Q

highly polished stomach stones that were used in the grinding of food by some extinct reptiles

A

Gastroliths

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22
Q

an English engineer and canal builder who discovered that each rock formation in the canals he worked on contained fossils unlike those in the beds either
above or below

A

William Smith

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23
Q

These fossils are widespread geographically and are limited to a short span of geologic time, so their presence provides an important method of matching rocks of the same age

A

Index Fossil

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24
Q

contains the protons and neutrons of an atom and is orbited by electrons.

A

Nucleus

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25
Q

number of protons in the nucleus.

A

Atomic Number

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26
Q

derived by adding the protons and neutrons in an atom’s nucleus

A

Mass Number

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27
Q

Varieties of the same element that have different mass numbers; their nuclei contain the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

A

Isotopes

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28
Q

The spontaneous decay of certain unstable atomic nuclei

A

Radioactivity

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29
Q

an unstable isotope of an element

A

Parent

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30
Q

the isotopes resulting from the decay of the parent

A

Daughter Product

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31
Q

The procedure of calculating the absolute ages of

rocks and minerals containing certain radioactive isotopes

A

Radiometric Dating

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32
Q

The time required for half of the nuclei in a sample to decay

A

Half Life

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33
Q

dating recent events with the use of carbon-14

radioactive isotopes

A

Radiocarbon Dating

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34
Q

The dating and study of annual rings in trees

A

Dendrochronology

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35
Q

represent the greatest expanses of time

A

Eons

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36
Q

a major division on the geologic time scale

A

Era

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37
Q

characterized by a somewhat less profound change in life-forms as compared with the eras

A

Period

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38
Q

A unit of the geological time scale that is a subdivision

of a period.

A

Epoch

39
Q

the informal name for the eons that came before

the current Phanerozoic eon.

A

Precambrian

40
Q

– It refers to the earliest interval (eon) of Earth history—

before the oldest known rocks.

A

Hadean

41
Q

The organization that is largely responsible for maintaining and updating the geologic time scale

A

International Commission on Stratigraphy

42
Q

refers to the habitable zone around a star where the

temperature is just right - not too hot and not too cold - for liquid water to exist on an planet.

A

Goldilocks Zone

43
Q

“just right” condition to support higher life-forms.

A

Goldilocks Scenario

44
Q

A cataclysmic explosion that created all matter and space

A

Big Bang Theory

13.7

45
Q

______ contracted and cooled and condensed into dust sized particles that accreted into protoplanets

A

Solar Nebula Theory

46
Q

The giant-impact impact suggests that the
Moon formed out of the debris left over from a
collision between Earth and an astronomical
body the size of Mars.

A

Big Splash
or
Theia Hypothesis
(4.5 Ga)

47
Q

process of separating out different constituents of a planetary body as a consequence of their physical or chemical behavior, where the body develops into compositionally distinct layers

A

Planetary Differentiation

48
Q
  • Release of gases that are trapped in Earth’s interior. Comes from the hundreds of active volcanoes worldwide
A

Outgassing

4.4 Ga

49
Q

The oldest minerals so far dated on Earth.
- Originally formed by crystallization from a magma
or in metamorphic rocks

A

Zircon
from Jack Hills, Western Australia
(4.404 Ga)

50
Q

Type of carbonaceous chondrites that contain
a high proportion of water (up to 22%), and organic
matter in the form of amino acids

A

C1 Chondrites

4.4 Ga

51
Q

oldest preserved continental rocks.
- occur as small, highly deformed terranes, which
are incorporated within somewhat younger block of
continental crust .

A

Acasta Gneiss
from Slave Province of Canada
(4 Ga)

52
Q

single celled life forms, they send the first free oxygen molecule into our atmosphere.

  • earliest bacteria that produces oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis.
  • most diversified group of microorganisms on earth.
A

Cyanobacteria

3.9 Ga

53
Q

• Are a distinctive type of rock often found in
(Precambrian) sedimentary rocks.
• They consist of repeated thin layers of iron
oxides, either magnetite (Fe3O4) or hematite
(Fe2O3), alternating with bands of ironpoor shale and chert.

A

Banded Iron Formation
or
BIF
(3.5 Ga)

54
Q

First theorized supercontinent.

A

Vaalbara

3.5 - 2.5 Ga

55
Q

Vaalbara is composed of two cratons named

A

Kaapval Craton - Africa

Pilbara - Australia

56
Q

Organic microfossils that played a role in increasing
the amount of oxygen in the oceans during the
Neoproterozoic era, which eventually paved the way
for the rise of animals and other large and complex
organisms

A

Acritarch

3.2 - 1.4 Ga

57
Q

oldest confirmed continent in earth history.

- Half a billion years younger than Vaalbara.

A

Ur

58
Q
  • formed as a result of a series of accretion events and
    the formation of new continental crust.
  • Swarms of volcanic dikes and their paleomagnetic
    orientation as well as the existence of similar stratigraphic sequences permit this reconstruction
A

Kenorland

2.7 Ga

59
Q

preserved as corkscrew-shaped or spaghetti
like marks that look like a random combination of
O’s C’s and 6’s.

A

Grypania
Oldest Megafossil in Michigan
(2.1 Ga)

60
Q 
The oldest impact crater on Earth is also
the largest (300 km diameter)
A

Vredefort Crater

- South Africa
2. 02 Ga

61
Q

2nd largest impact crater

250km diameter

A

Sudbury Crater

1.85 Ga

62
Q

The oldest impact crater on Earth is also

the largest

A

Rodinia

1.3 - 1.1 Ga

63
Q

• oldest known sexually reproducing organism and the oldest multicellular organism that used photosynthesis

A

Bangiomorpha

1.2 Ga

64
Q

meaning all southern land

also known as Gondwanaland and Vendian Supercontinent

A

Pannotia

65
Q

Oldest animals fossils so far discovered (600 Ma)

A

Ediacaran Fauna

66
Q

First appearance of Trilobites , jawless fishes (ostracoderms) , forams, octopus, molluscs, archeocyatids, brachiopods, gastropods, ostracods, conodonts and graptolites.
• Archeocyatids

A

Cambrian

67
Q

Six Paleozoic continent form from the break-up of of Pannotia

A
  1. GONDWANA
    - S. America, Africa, Florida, AQ, AU, IN
  2. LAURENTIA
    - N. America, GL, Scotland. E. RU
  3. BALTICA
    - RU, PL, N. DE, Scandinavia
  4. SIBERIA
    - RU, IN

5.KAZAKHSTANIA

  1. CHINA
    - All of SE Asia, Indochina, TH, MY
68
Q 
First of appearance of
1. Nautilods
2. Fungi appeared on land
3. Moss – first non vascular plant
4. Eurypterids – sea scorpions
• Abundances of Cephalopods and Acritarchs
A

Ordovician

69
Q

2nd largest mass extinction

85 % casualty on all marine and land species
• 60 % marine invertebrates died

A

Ordovician-Silurian Mass Extinction

70
Q

• First appearance of;

  1. Acanthodian - First jawed fishes
  2. Cooksonia – first vascular plant
  3. First freshwater fish
  4. First coral reef
A

Silurian

71
Q 
Age of Fishes and Orogeny
• First appearance of;
1. Wingless insects
2. Ammonites
3. Amphibians
4. Sharks
A

Devonian

72
Q

Oldest known amphibians

A

Ichthyostega

73
Q

Orogenies that affected the Appalachian Mobile belt

A
  1. Taconic
  2. Caledonian
  3. Acadian
74
Q

5th largest mass extinction
• 80% of all living species, primarily the marine community have been wiped out.
• Extinction of cooksonia, tribulate corals, stromatoporoids, ostracoderms and
placoderms.

A

Late Devonian Mass Extinction

75
Q

First appearance of Lycopsids , Conifers,

Cycads and first forest

A

Carboniferous

76
Q

oldest known reptile located in Scotland

A

Weslothiana

77
Q

are the major source of the worlds coal, coal result from the alteration of plant remains accumulating in low, swampy area

A

Pennsylvanian Rocks

78
Q

It is named after the tillite found in the region of South Africa , where evidence for this ice age was first clearly
identified in the 19th century.

A

Karoo Glaciation

79
Q

it means all earth

A

Pangea

80
Q

Sea surrounding Pangea

A

Panthalassa

81
Q

Largest mass extinction and lso known as the “Great Dying”

• Elimination of over 95 % marine and 70% terrestrial species
• Extinction of trilobites, eurypterids, acanthodians and blastoids
• Causes;
1. bolide impact events
2. Increase volcanism
3. Sudden release of methane from seafloor
4. Sea level change
5. Increase anoxia
6. Increase aridity
7. Preadation and competition

A

Permian-Triassic Mass Extinction

82
Q

First appearance of ;

  1. Frogs, turtle, snakes
  2. Archosaurs – proto dinosaurs
  3. Mammals ( family of rodens)
  4. Pleorsuars
  5. Cocoliths
  6. Sea urchins
A

Triassic

83
Q

Break up of Pangea into land mass

A
  1. Gondwana (S. America, Africa, IN, AQ, AU)

2. Laurasia (N. America, Eurasia

84
Q

It was caused by the collision of a volcaninc arc with

western North America

A

Sonoma Orogeny

85
Q 
Marine genera observed extinction: 53%
• Marine species extinct 80%
• Extinction of conodonts
• Causes ;
1. climate change
2. Rising sea levels resulting from the sudden release of large amounts
of carbon dioxide.
A

Triassic-Jurassic Mass Extinction

86
Q

• First appearances;

  1. Planktonic forams
  2. Archaeopteryx – first birds
A

Jurassic

87
Q

a newly discovered bird-like dinosaur is about 10 million

years older than Archaeopteryx,

A

Aurornis Xui

88
Q 
First appearances of
1. Marsupials
2. Diatoms
3. Angiosperms
4. Crocodiles appeared ( 110 Ma)
•  Ammonites found in Catanduanes
A

Cretaceous

89
Q 
76% of all species lost
• Extinction of dinosaurs and ammonites
• Causes by a Meteorite impact ( presence
of iridium layer )
• Form Chicxulub crater – 150 km across
in Mexico
A

K-T Mass Extinction

90
Q

Early Primates

A

Australopithecus (3 - 1.4 Ma)
• Homo habilis (2.4 to 1.5 Ma)
• Homo erectus ( 1.9 Ma )
• Homo sapiens (400,000 - 150,000 years ago)
• Neandertal (90,000 to 30,000 years ago)
• Homo floresiensis (18,000 years ago.)

91
Q

First appearance

  1. horse
  2. bats
  3. whales
  4. elephants
  5. penguins
A

Eocene

92
Q

The second greatest volcanism of the Cenozoic Era

A

La Garita

93
Q 
• First appearance of
1. Dog
2. Antelop
3. Bear
4. Giraffe
5. Deer
6. Megalodons
7. Raccoons
• Forest give way to grassland
A

Miocene

94
Q

elephant-like bones that had been found in Europe

A

Elephas Primigenius

renamed to

Mammathus Primigenius

Correlation 1 (17 decks)

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