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Correlation 1 > Metamorphic Petrology > Flashcards

Metamorphic Petrology Flashcards

1
Q

is a response to changes in temperature and/or pressure over time from some initial state

A

Metamorphism

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2
Q

results from increasing temperature and/or pressure conditions over time

A

Prograde Metamorphism

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3
Q

Agents of Metamorphism

A

Heat
Pressure
Chemically Active Fluids

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4
Q

Most important agent of Metamorphism

Why?

A

Heat

It provides the energy to drive the chemical changes that result in recrystallization of minerals.

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5
Q

altered rocks that occur in contact metamorphic zone

A

Aureole

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6
Q

results from decreasing temperature and/or pressure so that lower temperature/pressure mineral assemblages develop that overprint earlier peak tempertature/pressure mineral assemblages

A

Retrograde Metamorphism

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7
Q

occurs when rocks immediately surrounding a molten igneous body and altered from their original state

A

Contact Metamorphism

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8
Q

this occurs when hot, ion-rich fluids circulate through fissures and cracks in rock

A

Hydrothermal Metamorphism

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9
Q

chemical alteration of rock

A

Metasomatism

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10
Q

Where is hydrothermal metamorphism mostly occur?

A

along the axis of Mid-ocean ridge system

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11
Q

at what temp and depth does metamorphism begin

A

200C of about 8km

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12
Q

tends to occur where massive amounts of sedimentary or volcanic material accumulates in a subsiding basin

A

Burial Metamorphism

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13
Q

occurs during mountain building when large segments of Earth’s crust are intensely deformed along convergent plate boundaries

A

Regional Metamorphism

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14
Q

results from increases in lithostatic stress induced by deep burial of rock and produces non-foliated textures

A

Burial metamorphism

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15
Q

uncemented claylike material found in shallow fault zone

A

Fault gouge

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16
Q

deformation associated with fault zones occurs at great depth and at high temperature

A

Cataclastic Metamorphism
or
Metamorphism Alone Fault Zones

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17
Q

occurs when high-speed projectiles strike at Earth’s surface

A

Impact/Shock Metamorphism

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18
Q

products of meteor impacts

A

Impactites

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19
Q

directed force of some magnitude applied over an area

A

Stress

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20
Q

change induced by stress

A

Deformation

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21
Q

force oriented

a. perpendicular to the inclined plane
b. parallel

A

a. Normal Force

b. Shear Force

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22
Q

A. occurs where forces are directed towards a point or a plane

B. occurs where forces are directed away a point or a plane

C. occurs where forces are oriented parallel to the plane

A

Compression
Tension
Shear

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23
Q

_______________ is parallel to two principal stress axes and normal to the third axis

A

Principal Plane

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24
Q

occurs when all three principal stress axes of equal magnitude

A

Uniform Stress

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25
Q

refers to the uniform compressive force directed radially inward by the surrounding mass of water

A

Hydrostatic Stress

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26
Q

refers to a uniform force exerted radially inward due to the mass of the surrounding rock

A

Lithostatic Stress

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27
Q

occurs when at least one principal stress has magnitude not equal to the other principal stress

A

Non-uniform/Anisotropic/Deviatoric Stress

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28
Q

also known as strain, indicates a change in shape from some initial form

A

Distortion

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29
Q

occurs when strain is equal throughout the rock body so that parallel lines remain parallel, perpendicular lines remain prependicular and circles flatten to become ellipses

A

Homogenous Strain

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30
Q

indicates a change in volume

A

Dilation

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31
Q

occurs when strain intensity varies within a rock body

A

Heterogenous Strain

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32
Q

also known as displacement, means that an object has moved from one point to another point

A

Translation

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33
Q

infers that an object has moved in a circular arc about an axis

A

Rotation

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34
Q

development from an initial to final state

A

Kinematic Strain

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35
Q

refers to one or more intermediate strain steps describing separate strain conditions

A

Incremental Strain

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36
Q

infers that no rotation of the incremental strain axes occurred from an initial to final strain rate and this strain produces pure shear

A

Coaxial Strain

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37
Q

structures in which the X, Y and Z axes do not rotate during progressive strain

A

Pure Shear (Irrotational Strain)

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38
Q

is a rotational strain in which the strain axes rotate through time

A

Non-coaxial Strain

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39
Q

strain axes do not remain parallel during progressive deformation

A

Simple Shear

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40
Q

is a combination of pure shear and simple shear

A

General Shear

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41
Q

refers to how materials respond to stress

A

Rheology

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42
Q

occurs when a body is deformed in response to astress but returns to its original shape when the stress is removed

A

Elastic Deformation

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43
Q

is an irreversible strain without visible fractures, although microfracturing can occur

A

Plastic Deformation

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44
Q

creates visible fractures in response to stress

A

Rupture Deformation

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45
Q

a temporary reversible strain in which a linear relationship exists between stress and strain

A

Hookean Behavior
or
Elastic Behavior

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46
Q

is a constant of proportionality that describes the slope of the line

A

Young’s Modulus

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47
Q

is an irreversible strain that occurs without visible (mesoscopic) fractures

A

Plastic Behavior

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48
Q

in which mesoscopic ductile behavior is facilitated by microscopic fracturing and frictional sliding

A

Cataclastic Flow

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49
Q

a high temperature and high pressure process that involves the flow of material through the crystals

A

Diffusional Mass Transfer

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50
Q

processes create adjustment in deformed crystal lattice structures

A

Crystal Defect

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51
Q

achieved by bending the lattice through gliding along weak planes within crystalline structures

A

Crystal Plasticity

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52
Q

common in calcite and feldspar minerals

A

Mechanical twinning

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53
Q

common in micas and other platy minerals such as clays

A

Kinking

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54
Q

permanent, irreversible deformation characterized by the development of visible fractures and loss of cohesion between rock particles

A

Brittle Behavior

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55
Q

is the depth within Earth where behavior changes from brittle to ductile behavior. This boundary can be generalized as existing at depths approx 10-20km and temp of approx 300C

A

Brittle-Ductile Behavior

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56
Q

describes the resistance of rocks to flow

A

Competency

57
Q

rocks that commonly display ductile behavior and include rock salt, shale, siltstone, slate, phyllite and schist

A

Incompetent Rocks

58
Q

refers to the amount of stress necessary to induce failure

A

Strength

59
Q

are brittle structures that develop by rupturing either previously intact rock or pre-existing weak surfaces in rock

A

Fractures

60
Q

are fractures with minimal displacement

A

Joints

61
Q

are fractures that involve displacement

A

Fault

62
Q

are fractures through which fluids flow, producing one or more secondary minerals that precipitate from solution

A

Veins

63
Q

arrays are produced by high strain rate events that blast rock apart dye to high pressures

A

Non-systematic Vein

64
Q

fluids that precipitate as secondary minerals in veins develop blocky or fibrous textures

A

Vein Filling

65
Q

rocks that commonly display brittle behavior and include metaquartzite, granite, gneiss, quartz, sandstone, basalt, gabbro and diorite

A

Competent Rocks

66
Q

minerals are equant and may display euhedral crystal faces indicating growth within an unimpeded open space

A

Blocky or Sparry

67
Q

arrays consist of veins that display orientations suggesting a common origin in response to directed stress

A

Systematic Vein

68
Q

displayes a linear, acicular character suggesting that vein growth was incremental in response to fracture in response to fracture width increases

A

Fibrous Veins

69
Q

form by the plastic bending of rock layers without displaying mesoscopic brittle behavior

A

Folds

70
Q

are relatively straight layers separated by a high curvature region of the hinge

A

Limbs

71
Q

is a point of maximum curvature separating two limbs

A

Hinge

72
Q

is an imaginary line connecting a series of hinge points along the strike of the fold

A

Hinge Line

73
Q

is an imaginary plane connecting a series of hinge line

A

Axial Surface or Axial Plane

74
Q

is the point at which the sense of curvature changes from one fold to another

A

Inflection Point

75
Q

folds characterized by a convex-upward structure

A

Antiform

76
Q

folds structures with concave-upward shapes

A

Synform

77
Q

consist of two limbs that dip towards the hinge

A

Syncline

78
Q

are circular to oval structures in which rock layers dip towards the center

A

Basin

79
Q

are circular oval structures in which rock layers dip away from the center

A

Dome

80
Q

consist of two limbs that dip away from the hinge

A

Anticline

81
Q

also known as texture, refers to the geometric arrangement of grains within a rock

A

Fabric

82
Q

infers that the structure are continuous on a mm scale so that no undeformed parts of the rock remain

A

Continuous Fabric

83
Q

means that visible spacing exists between fabric elements so that both deformed and undeformed parts of the rock are visible

A

Spaced Fabric

84
Q

infers that no preferred orientation of component elements exists

A

Random Fabric

85
Q

means that rock elements are aligned in a predicatable manner

A

Preferred Fabric

86
Q

refers to the tendency of rocks to break along sub-parallel surfaces

A

Cleavage

87
Q

consists of parallel foliations oriented nearly perpendicular to the maximum compressive stress, and converging towards the inner arc of the fold hinge area

A

Axial Planar Cleavage

88
Q

form by the intersection of two planar fabrics

A

Intersection Lineations

89
Q

are linear features produced by geological structures

A

Form Lineations

90
Q

is an intersection lineation marked by the development of elongate shards

A

Pencil Cleavage

91
Q

are linear features that occur as a result of a secondary cleavage imposed upon a fine-grained rock that experienced an earlier cleavage

A

Crenulation Lineations

92
Q

develop as elongated mineral or rock grains that define a linear fabric

A

Stretching Lineations

93
Q

lineations refer to vein mineral fibers that precipitate on rock surfaces via crac

A

Slip or Fiber

94
Q

refers to the size, shape, orientation and intergranular relationships of the rock’s constituents

A

Texture

95
Q

nearly equal diameters in all directions and assume forms approximated by spheres or cubes

A

Equant Grains

96
Q

contain at least one direction in which the grain diameter is not equal to the other grain diameter

A

Inequant Grains

97
Q

large relict grains from the protolith that have experienced deformation but have retained their original composition

A

Porphyroclast

98
Q

large grains that have experienced neocrystallization and growth in response to favorable temperature and pressure conditions during metamorphism

A

Porphyroblast

99
Q

oval-shaped feldspar porphyroclasts that resemble the shape of an eye and are particularly common in gneisses, whereas flaser are composed of quartz

A

Augen

100
Q

occur when no preferred orientation of inequant grains is visible

A

Random Grain Orientation

101
Q

occurs when inequant grains are oriented sub-parallel to one another and can produce lineations and foliations

A

Preferred Grain Orientation

102
Q

refers to any planar arrangement of mineral grains within a rock

A

Foliation

103
Q

refers to closely spaced, flat sufaces along which rocks split into thin slabs when hit with a hammer

A

Rock or Slaty Cleavage

104
Q

very common foliation defined by the sub-parallel arrangement of macroscopic platy minerals such as phyllosilicated in closely spaced metamorphic minerals

A

Schistosity

105
Q

a foliation characterized by the arrangement of minerals into distinct color bands

A

Gneissic Textures

106
Q

Gneiss with

a. Igneous Protolith
b. Sedimentary protolith

A

a. Orthogneiss

b. Paragneiss

107
Q

a very fine-grained foliated rock composed of minute mica flakes that are too small to be visible

A

Slates

108
Q

most often generated by the low-grade metamorphism

A

Slate

109
Q

mineral constituent of ___ shale

a. Black
b. Red
c. Green

A

a. organic matter
b. Iron Oxide
c. Chlorite

110
Q

fine-grained foliated metamorphic rock with a pervasive cleavage produced by alignment of micas

A

Phyllite

111
Q

medium to coarse grained metamorphic rocks in which platy minerals predominate

A

Schist

112
Q

produced by dynamothermal metamorphism at convergent plate boundaries with temperatures >300C

A

Schist

113
Q

medium to coarse grained banded metamorphic rocks in which granular and elongated minerals predominate

A

Gneiss

114
Q

is a result of mineral segregation into separate, typically light and dark colored layers

A

Banding

115
Q

lack metamorphic layering as defined by preferred mineral orientations

A

Non-foliated Texture

116
Q

coarse, crystalline metamorphic rocks rich in calcite and/or dolomite

A

Marbles

117
Q

fine grained, non-foliated fabric that develops by contact metamorphism

A

Hornfelsic Texture

118
Q

form by high temperature (>800C) and high pressure (>10kbar, ~33km depth) metamorphism

A

Granulites

119
Q

very high pressure, high temperature rocks that develop principally from basalt/gabbro protoliths

A

Eclogite

120
Q

fine-grained, foliated rocks produced in the ductile shear zones of the lower crust and mantle

A

Mylonite

121
Q

composed of fractures, angular particles that form in response to the brittle crushing of grains during deformation in upper crustal fault zones

A

Cataclastic Trxtures

122
Q

are classified on the basis on the percentage of matrix material to porphyroclasts

A

Mylonites

123
Q

are described with respect to the relative percentaged of larger clasts and finer matrix and their degree of cohesion

A

Cataclastix Texture

124
Q

Cataclastic rocks that lack cohesion are called

A

Breccia

125
Q

consists of the region bounded by two isgrad lines

A

Metamorphic Zone

126
Q

are linedrawn on geological maps that mark the first appearance of the particular index mineral

A

Isograds

127
Q

bounded by the chlorite and biotite isograds

A

Chlorite Zone

128
Q

marking the first appearance of Almandine and Biotite isograd

A

Biotite Zone

129
Q

Marks the first appearance of Staurolite and Almandine isograd

A

Almandine Zone

130
Q

Marks the the first appearance of the higher temperature mineral kyanite and staurolite isograd

A

Staurolite Zone

131
Q

occurs between kyanite and sillimanite isograds that mark their first appearance

A

Kyanite Zone

132
Q

the highest temperature zone in Barrovian Zone

A

Sillimanite Zone

133
Q

are distinctive mineral assemblages in metamorphic rocks that form in response to a particular range of temperature and/or pressure conditions

A

Metamorphic Facies

134
Q

What is the temperature, pressure and depth of the ff

a. Albite-Epidote Hornfels Facies
b. Hornblende Hornfels Facies
c. Pyroxene Hornfels Facies
d. Sanidinite Hornfels Facies

A

a. <450C, <2kbar, 6km depth
b. 450-600C, <2.5kbar, <8km
c. 600-800C, <2.5kbar, <8km
d. >800C, <2.5kbar, <8km

135
Q

What is the temperature, pressure and depth of the ff

a. Zeolite Facies
b. Prehnite-Pumpellyite facies
c. Greenschist Facies
d. Amphibolite Facies
e. Granulite Facies

A

a. 150-300C, <5kbar, 15km
b. 250-300C, <6kbar, 20km
c. 350-550C, 3-10kbar, 10-30km
d. 550-750C, 4-12kbar, 12-40km
e. 700-900C, 3-15kbar, 10-50km

136
Q

What is the temperature, pressure and depth of the ff

a. Blueschist Facies
b. Eclogite Facies

A

a. 150-500C, 4-20kbar, 13-66km

b. 400-900C, 12-25kbar, 40-82km

137
Q

Key mineral/s in

a. Greenschist
b. Blueschist
c. Eclogite

A

a. Chlorite, Actinolite, Epidote
b. Glaucophane
c. Garnet, Omphacite, Jadeite

138
Q

is a sequence of facies that occurs across a metamorphic terrane due to differences in pressure and temperature conditions

A

Metamorphic Facies Series

139
Q

Geothermal Gradient of the ff

a. Contact Facies Series
b. Buchan Facies Series
c. Barrovian Facies Series
d. Sanbagawa Facies Series
e. Franciscan Facies Series

A

a. >80C/km
b. 40-80C/km
c. 20-40C/km
d. 10-20C/km
e. <10C/km

Correlation 1 (17 decks)

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