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Correlation 1 > Post Depositional Structures > Flashcards

Post Depositional Structures Flashcards

1
Q

the structures formed during deposition

A

Primary sedimentary structures

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2
Q
  • is the general term for changes to the fabric and layering of beds of recently deposited sediment.
A

Soft-sediment deformation

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3
Q

is the process of whereby a granular material is converted from a static solid like state to a dynamic fluid like state

A

Fluidization

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4
Q

is a process for separating particles based on their size, shape and density, using a stream of gas or liquid flowing in a direction usually opposite to the direction of sedimentation

A

Process of elutriation

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5
Q
  • is a shorter-term process that happens when a mass of saturated sediment is affected by a shock, such as an earthquake, and becomes momentarily liquid, behaving like a viscous fluid
A

Liquefaction

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6
Q

are deformed into layers that will typically show a fold structure with the noses of the anticlines oriented in the downslope direction

A

Slumped Beds

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7
Q

The surface left as the slumped material is removed and is preserved when later sedimentation subsequently fills in the scar

A

Slumped Scars

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8
Q

synsedimentary extensional faults that initiate and evolve at the margins of continental plates. They extend parallel to passive margins that have high sediment supply.

A

Growth Faults

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9
Q
  • are concave disruptions to the layering in sediments a few centimeters to tens of centimeters across formed by the upward movement of fluid
A

Dish

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10
Q
  • also known as elutriation pipes, are vertical water-escape channels that can be simple tubes or have a vertical sheet-like form.
A

Pillar

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11
Q
  • Fluidisation of a large body of sediment in the subsurface and can result in elutriation of sediment and the formation of vertical structure centimetres to tens of centimetres across
A

Clastic Dykes

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12
Q

are formed from the extruded liquefied sediment brought to the surface in isolated pipes

A

Sand Volcanoes

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13
Q

sand brought up to the surface through clastic dykes that are spread out on the surface in thin sheet like
structure

A

Extruded Sheet

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14
Q

form where the higher density sand has partially sunk into the underlying mud to form downward-facing,
bulbous structures

A

Load Cast

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15
Q

the mud may also become forced up into the overlying sand bed

A

Flame Structure

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16
Q

are masses of clastic sediment that take the form of isolated pillows or protruding ball structures

A

Ball and Pillow Structures

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17
Q

where the instability due to density differences
between layers of unconsolidated sediment results in
movements of material on a large scale

A

Diapirism

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18
Q

occurs where a layer of sediment has a high

porosity and its density is reduced due to the presence of a high proportion of water mixed with the sediment

A

Mud Diapirs

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19
Q

The physical and chemical changes that alter the characteristics of sediment after deposition
These processes occur at relatively low temperatures, typically below 250° and at depths of about 5000m

A

Diagenesis

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20
Q

is the process of transforming sediment into sedimentary rock, and involves both chemical and
physical changes that take place at any time after initial
deposition

A

Lithifaction

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21
Q

happens when sediments are deeply buried, placing them under pressure because of the weight of overlying layers. This squashes the grains together more tightly

A

Compaction

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22
Q

occurs as one part of a sediment pile compacts more than the part adjacent to it

A

Differential Compaction

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23
Q

subjected to very little overburden pressure the clasts will be in contact mainly at the point where they touch

A

Point Contacts

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24
Q

grains are rotated and pushed closer together, and pore space is reduced

A

Long Contacts

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25
Q

softer grains are compacted around harder ones, and grains start to dissolve in the pore waters at their contacts

A

Concavo-Convex Contacts

26
Q

irregular grain boundaries

A

Sutured Contacts

27
Q

-is a deformation mechanism that involves the dissolution of minerals at grain-to-grain contacts into an aqueous pore fluid in areas of relatively high stress

A

Pressure Solution

28
Q

– forms very soon after deposition

A

Eogenetic Cement

29
Q

chemical changes occur in sediment that is buried and saturated with pore waters

A

Mesogenic Cements

30
Q

cement formation occurs during uplift

A

Telogenic Cementation

31
Q

The nucleation and growth of crystals within pore spaces in sediments

A

Cementation

32
Q

are minerals precipitated within pore spaces during diagenesis

A

Cement

33
Q

Cement growth is in optical continuity with the adjacent grain

A

Overgrowth Cement

34
Q

Grains are enveloped in large crystals of cement

A

Poikilotopic Cement

35
Q

Cystals of cement grow uniformly into pores

A

Isopachous Cement

36
Q

Cement develops from drops of pore water attached to grains

A

Meniscus Cement

37
Q

mineral deposit formed by chemical processes that dissolve a rock and deposit a new assemblage of
minerals in its place

A

Replacement

38
Q
  • The introduction of, or replacement by, silica, generally resulting in the formation of fine-grained
    quartz, chalcedony, or opal, which may fill pores and replace existing minerals.
A

Silicification

39
Q

is a mass, or lump of a mineral or mineral aggregate that typically has a contrasting composition,. Forms as
irregular cemented patches

A

Nodules

40
Q

Large nodules are referred as

A

Doggers

41
Q
  • form as minerals within a rock and begins to precipitate within cracks and cavities. It has a symmetrical, round or discoid features
A

Concretions

42
Q

The interiors of some carbonate concretions in mudstones display an array of cracks that are often filled with sparry calcite. “turtle-back” appearance.

A

Septarian Concretions

43
Q

Chert form directly from siliceous ooze deposited on the sea floor.

A

Primary Chert

44
Q

may also form in concretions or nodules as a result of the concentration of silica during diagenesis

A

Secondary Chert

45
Q

is the specific name given to nodules of chert formed in the Cretaceous Chalk

A

Flint

46
Q

nonmarine calcite cement that forms above the water table

A

Vadose Zone

47
Q

Calcite cement that forms on aquifers

A

Phreatic Zone

48
Q

The diagenetic replacement of a mineral by a different crystal form of the same mineral

A

Neomorphism

49
Q

Cement that forms in Phreatic Zone

A

Meniscus Cement

50
Q

The process by which limestone is altered into dolomite

A

Dolomitization

51
Q

Carbonate cement that form in vadose zone

A

Isopachous Cement

52
Q

triggered by an evaporation phase in lagoonal and/or shallow marine settings

A

Reflux Model

53
Q

proposes that where fresh water mixes with marine waters then dolomitisation would occur

A

Mixing-Zone Model

54
Q

–involves prime mechanism which is the dewatering of basinal mud rocks due to compaction and removal of Mg-rich fluids into neighboring shelf edge.

A

Burial Model

55
Q

Thermally driven circulation, either by a geothermal heat source or by temperature differences between the interior of a platform and seawater

A

Seawater Model

56
Q

The process in which magnesium is removed from the mineral dolomite

A

Dedolomitization

57
Q

waterlogged areas of accumulation of organic material

A

Mires

58
Q

coal formed in areas where most of the input of water is from rainfall

A

Ombotrophic Mires
or
Bogs

59
Q

coal formed in places where there is a through-flow of groundwater

A

Rheotrophi Mire
Or
Swamps

60
Q

rheotrophic mires that have an input of clastic sediment, and these are referred to as

A

Marshes

61
Q

Coals that originate as peat deposits are known as

A

Humic Coals

62
Q

deposits of aquatic algae that accumulate in the bottoms of lakes are known as

A

Sapropelic Coal

Correlation 1 (17 decks)

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