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VET 404: Neurology > Sedatives and Analgesics > Flashcards

Sedatives and Analgesics Flashcards

1
Q

catecholamine receptor types

A
  1. domapine (D1, D2)
  2. adrenergic (a1, a2, B1, B2)
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2
Q

are dopamine receptors ionotropic or metabotropic

A

metabotropic
D1: Gs –> increase cAMP
D2: Gi –> decrease cAMP

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3
Q

D1 agonists

A

vasodilation of splanchnic organs

increased blood flow

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4
Q

D1 antagonists

A

vasoconstriction of splanchnic organs

decreased blood flow

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5
Q

D2 agonists

A

emesis
anxiety and fear

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6
Q

D2 antagonists

A

antiemetic
reduce anxiety and fear

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7
Q

a1 agonists

A

excitement
vasoconstriction
splenic contraction –> elevated HCT
hypertension

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8
Q

a1 antagonists

A

sedation
vasodilation
splenic relaxation –> low HCT
hypotension

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9
Q

a2 agonists

A

sedation
analgesia
muscle relaxation
high dose: vasoconstriction + hypertension
low dose: vasodilation + hypotension
bradycardia
increase urination (inhibit ADH)
hyperglycemia (decrease insulin)

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10
Q

a2 antagonists

A

excitement
muscle tone
tachycardia
decrease urination
hypoglycemia

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11
Q

acepromazine

A

D2 and a1 antagonist
central and peripheral effects

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12
Q

effects of acepromazine

A

D2 antagonist:
1. tranquilization
2. antiemetic

a1 antagonist:
1. sedation
2. vasodilation
3. hypotension
4. decreased PCV

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13
Q

dexmedetomidine

A

a2 agonist
central and peripheral effects

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14
Q

effects of dexmedetomidine

A
  1. sedation
  2. analgesia
  3. relaxation
  4. vasoconstriction + hypertension followed by vasodilation and hypotension
  5. bradycardia
  6. hyperglycemia
  7. polyuria
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15
Q

are opioid receptors ionotropic or metabotropic

A

metabotropic
Gi protein –> decreases cAMP

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16
Q

opioid receptor subtypes

A

mu
kappa

mu > kappa efficacy

17
Q

opioid receptor agonists

A

overall decreased neuronal excitability

  1. analgesia
  2. species dependent CNS effects
  3. hypoventilation
  4. decreased peristalsis (constipation)
18
Q

species dependent CNS effects of opioid agonists

A

sedation: dogs, primates, rodents
euphoria: cats (low dose)
excitement: cats, horses (high dose)

19
Q

morphine

A

mu and kapp opioid receptor agonist
central and peripheral effects

20
Q

effects of morphine

A
  1. analgesia
  2. sedation
  3. hypoventilation
  4. decreased GI motility
21
Q

GABAa receptor structure

A

2 a subunits
2 b subunits
+/- y subunit (benzodiazepines)

ionotropic:
forms a central Cl pore

22
Q

GABAa function

A

inhibitory receptor
hyper polarizes the cell to decrease cell excitability

23
Q

benzodiazepine sensitive GABA receptors

A

contains a, B, and y subunits

benzodiazepine binds to a DIFFERENT site than GABA

24
Q

anesthetic sensitive GABA receptors

A

contains a and B subunits

anesthetics bind to SAME site as GABA
may have y subunit for benzodiazepine to bind

25
Q

GABAa agonists

A

inhibits RAS to inhibit arousal

  1. species dependent effects
  2. amnesia
  3. anticonvulsant
  4. muscle relaxation
  5. anesthesia
  6. decreased respiratory drive, ventilation, and altered breathing pattern
26
Q

species dependent GABAa agonist effects

A

sedation: sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, primates
excitement: dogs, cats, horses

27
Q

midazolam

A

benzodiazepine (GABA agonist)
central and peripheral effects

28
Q

effects of midazolam

A
  1. sedation/excitation (spp.)
  2. amnesia
  3. anticonvulsant
  4. muscle relaxation
29
Q

propofol

A

anesthetic GABA agonist
central and peripheral effects

30
Q

effects of propofol

A
  1. sedation (low dose)
  2. anesthesia (high dose)
  3. amnesia
  4. anticonvulsant
  5. muscle relaxation
  6. hypoventilation
31
Q

NMDA receptors

A

ionotropic:
forms a central cation pore

inhibited by Mg blocking pore

32
Q

function of NMDA receptors

A

excitatory receptor
depolarizes the cell to increase cell excitability
important in hippocampus for long term memory

33
Q

NMDA antagonists

A
  1. amnesia
  2. hallucinations
  3. dissociative anesthesia
  4. increased muscle tone/rigidity
  5. decreased spontaneous movement
  6. analgesia
34
Q

ketamine

A

dissociative anesthetic
central and peripheral effects

35
Q

effects of ketamine

A
  1. amnesia
  2. increased muscle tone/rigidity
  3. decreased spontaneous movement
  4. hallucinations
  5. dissociative anesthesia
  6. analgesia

VET 404: Neurology (23 decks)

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