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VET 404: Neurology > Embryology of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Embryology of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

blastocyst

A

hollow sphere of cells with an inner cell mass that implants into the uterus

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2
Q

trophoblast

A

outer layer of cells that develops into extraembryonic membranes

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3
Q

inner cell mass

A

cell mass that becomes the fetus

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4
Q

embryonic disc

A

hypoblast + epiblast (becomes 3 germ layers)

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5
Q

gastrula

A

embryo with three distinct germ layers derived from epiblast

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6
Q

ectoderm

A

becomes nervous system
(and hair, skin, nails)

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7
Q

mesoderm

A

becomes vertebral column
(and skeletal/muscle structures, circulatory system)

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8
Q

primitive streak

A

proliferation of cells that forms a ridge from caudal –> cranial in the embryonic disc

defines R/L and cranial/caudal

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9
Q

notochord

A

mesoderm that migrates rostrally from primitive streak to form a rod shaped aggregate of cells

function: induce neurulation to form head process and somites

eventually becomes nucleus pulpous of IVDs

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10
Q

neurulation

A

notochord - induced transformation of ectoderm into nervous tissue to form the CNS

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11
Q

neural plate

A

neuroectoderm
ectodermal layer above the notochord that thickens and flattens

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12
Q

neural groove

A

cells in the neural plate divide until it folds to form a groove

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13
Q

neural crest cells

A

dorsal-lateral cells along neural tube that become PNS structures

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14
Q

neural tube

A

fusion of neural groove to form a tube that becomes the basis of the CNS/PNS

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15
Q

where does CNS development start

A

brainstem

brain: caudal –> cranial
spinal cord: cranial –> caudal

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16
Q

germinal layer of neural tube

A

innermost layer of neuroepithelial cells that are actively dividing

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17
Q

mantle layer of neural tube

A

layer of differentiated neuroepithelial cells into neuroblasts/glioblasts

forms the gray matter
spinal cord: inside
brain: outside

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18
Q

marginal layer of neural tube

A

layer of myelinated axons from neurons in the mantle layer

forms the white matter
spinal cord: outside
brain: inside

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19
Q

are microglia from the neuroectoderm

A

no

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20
Q

sulcus limitans

A

bilateral indent forming a longitudinal groove

creates dorsal/ventral

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21
Q

roof plate

A

dorsal white matter of neural tube (sensory)

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22
Q

alar plate

A

dorsal gray matter of neural tube (sensory)

23
Q

basal plate

A

ventral gray matter of neural tube (motor)

24
Q

floor plate

A

ventral white matter of neural tube (motor)

25
Q

is dorsal sensory or motor

A

sensory

26
Q

is ventral sensory or motor

A

motor

27
Q

spinal dysraphism

A

neural tube defect causing abnormal development of the spinal cord

28
Q

spina bifida

A

spinal dysraphism caused by failure of neural tube closure

results in part of the spine being exposed (meninges, spinal cord)

29
Q

IVD disease

A

disc disease often associated with FGF4 gene mutations causing increased FGF production during development

30
Q

causes of congenital vertebral abnormalities

A
  1. failure of formation (notochord persists, failure of ossification/vascularization)
  2. failure of somite segmentation
    or both
31
Q

hemivertebrae

A

half vertebrae; caused by failure of formation of part of the vertebral body
- triangular shaped
- occurs in screw tailed dogs

32
Q

butterfly vertebrae

A

dorsal-ventral cleft forms in vertebrae due to persisting notochord
- occurs in screw tailed dogs

33
Q

block vertebrae

A

fusion of vertebrae caused by failure of segmentation

34
Q

spinal cord funiculi

A

bundles of nerve fibers formed by the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord

35
Q

cephalization

A

concentration of neural tissue at the rostral part of a developing organism

36
Q

rhombencephalon

A

metencephalon + myelencephalon

37
Q

metencephalon

A

pons + cerebellum

38
Q

myelencephalon

A

medulla

39
Q

mesencephalon

A

midbrain; tectum + tegmentum

40
Q

prosencephalon

A

telencephalon + diencephalon

41
Q

telencephalon

A

cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, limbic system, rhinencephalon

42
Q

diencephalon

A

thalamus + hypothalamus

43
Q

pharyngeal arches

A

outpouchings of mesoderm that contain:
- cranial nerves
- special visceral muscle
- blood supply, cartilage

44
Q

special visceral muscle

A

muscle NOT derived from somites
- muscles of mastication
- muscles of facial expression
- stylopharyngeus
- pharyngeal, laryngeal, cricoid, and esophagus muscles

45
Q

special visceral efferents

A

nerve fibers within certain cranial nerves that innervated special visceral muscle
- CN V - muscles of mastication
- CN VII - muscles of facial expression
- CN IX - stylopharyngeus
- CN X/XI - pharyngeal, laryngeal, cricothyroid, and esophagus

46
Q

somite derived muscles

A

extraocular muscles, muscles of the tongue

47
Q

general somatic efferents

A

innervate somite derived muscle
- CN III, IV, VI (EO muscles)
- CN XII (tongue)

48
Q

formation of medulla

A
  1. roof plate stretches to form 4th ventricle
  2. sulcus limitans forms dorsolateral and ventromedial segments in neural tube
49
Q

alar plate of medulla

A

dorsolateral; contains sensory neurons

50
Q

basal plate of medulla

A

ventromedial; contains motor neurons

51
Q

what do the cerebral hemispheres develop from

A

alar plate only

52
Q

paleopallium

A

rhinencephalon; the “smell brain”
- olfactory bulbs
- olfactory tracts
- piriform lobe
- hippocampus

53
Q

archipallium

A

limbic system
forms the border of the cortex
functions in behavior, emotion, memory, and olfaction
- also includes hippocampus

54
Q

neopallium

A

initiates movement; only present in higher animals
- cortical surface
- basal nuclei
- projection/association/commissural fibers

VET 404: Neurology (23 decks)

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