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VET 404: Neurology > Auditory, Olfactory & Limbic Systems > Flashcards

Auditory, Olfactory & Limbic Systems Flashcards

1
Q

function of the ear

A

convey pitch, intensity, and direction of sound

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2
Q

audio/sonic

A

frequencies that are able to be heard

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3
Q

ultrasonic

A

frequencies higher than audio

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4
Q

infrasonic

A

frequencies lower than audio

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5
Q

phase angle

A

the difference in sound intensity between the 2 ears; the auditory cortex determines location by receiving input from R and L ears at different times

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6
Q

function of the external ear

A

collects sound and funnels it to the ear canal

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7
Q

external ear canal

A

transmits sound waves to vibrate the tympanic membrane

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8
Q

function of the middle ear

A

transfers vibrations from eardrum to inner ear (cochlea)

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9
Q

3 ossicles of the middle ear

A

stapes, incus, malleus

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10
Q

oval window

A

vestibular window; membrane that separates the middle and inner ear

attached to the stapes, vibrates when the stapes moves

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11
Q

round window

A

cochlear window; membrane that moves in opposite direction as the oval window to allow the inner ear fluid to vibrate

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12
Q

function of the inner ear

A

cochlear system; controls hearing and balance

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13
Q

components of the inner ear

A

semicircular canals
vestibule
cochlea: scala tympani, scala vestiboli, cochlear duct

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14
Q

what fluid is in the scala tympani

A

perilymph

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15
Q

what fluid is in the scala vestibuli

A

perilymph

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16
Q

what fluid is in the cochlear duct

A

endolymph

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17
Q

basilar membrane

A

the membrane between the scala tympani and the cochlear duct

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18
Q

organ of corti

A

contains hair cells that act as receptors for the auditory system

located on top of the basilar membrane

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19
Q

internal acoustic meatus

A

opening that the vestibulocochlear nerve passes through to transmit sensory information from the inner ear –> brainstem

20
Q

petrous temporal bone

A

bony part of the temporal bone made up of the osseous and membranous labyrinths

21
Q

osseous labyrinth

A

bony capsule of interconnected cavities/canals in the inner ear; filled with perilymph

  • semicircular canals (3)
  • vestibule
  • cochlea (ST, SV)
22
Q

membranous labyrinth

A

membrane layer that lines the bony labyrinth; filled with endolymph

  • cochlea (CD)
  • parts of semicircular canal and vestibule
23
Q

process of sound transmission

A
  1. sound enters external ear –> funnels into external acoustic canal –> vibrates tympanic membrane
  2. movement of tympanic membrane causes ossicles in middle ear to vibrate
  3. stapes vibration causes oval window to move –> round window oscillates in opposite pattern to move the fluid in the inner ear
  4. fluid moves in waves from scala vestibuli –> around the end of the cochlea –> scala tympani
  5. movement of fluid in scala tympani causes basilar membrane to vibrate, causing endolymph in cochlear duct to move and bend hair cells
  6. hair cell receptors release neurotransmitter to depolarize the nerve endings of the primary afferents (bipolar neurons) at the base of the hair cells
  7. depolarization goes up the primary afferent to the cell body in the spiral ganglion, then up to the brainstem via CN VIII
  8. CN VIII travels to cochlear nuclei in the brainstem, where the primary afferent synapses with the secondary afferent
24
Q

primary afferent neuron for hearing

A

bipolar; extends one axon to the base of the hair cell receptors and one axon to the cochlear nuclei of the brainstem

25
Q

spiral ganglion

A

ganglion of CN VIII

site of cell body of the primary afferent neuron for hearing

26
Q

neural pathway for hearing

A
  1. stimulation of hair cell receptors in organ of corti
  2. neurotransmitter release
  3. depolarization of primary afferent travels to cell body in spiral ganglion
  4. depolarization continues up primary afferent as it enters CN VIII
  5. CN VIII travels to cochlear nuclei
  6. primary afferent synapses with secondary afferent in cochlear nuclei
  7. axons decussate or travel ipsilaterally to R and L sides of the brainstem
  8. axons travel up lateral lemniscal pathway to the medial geniculate nuclei of the thalamus
  9. secondary afferents synapse with tertiary afferents in medial geniculate
  10. tertiary afferents project to auditory cortex of the cerebrum
27
Q

trapezoid body

A

decussating fibers of the auditory pathway

28
Q

cochlear nuclei

A

nuclei in the brainstem that contains the cell bodies of secondary afferents

29
Q

medial geniculate

A

nuclei in the thalamus the contains the cell bodies of tertiary afferents

30
Q

olivary nuclei (dorsal olivary nuclei)

A

irregular mass of gray matter within the medulla

dorsal: nuclei of the trapezoid body involved in hearing

31
Q

variations in neural pathway for hearing

A

variations involves >3 neurons in the pathway

  1. secondary afferents synapse with neurons in the caudal colliculi before reaching medial geniculate (reflexes)
  2. secondary afferents synapse with olivary nuclei or lateral lemniscal nuclei before reaching caudal colliculi
32
Q

rhinencephalon

A

“smell” brain; contains olfactory and non-olfactory portions

33
Q

exceptions of the olfactory system

A
  1. primary neuron cell body is not located in a ganglion
  2. olfactory cells are replaced monthly (not permanent)
  3. sensory information does not pass through thalamus
  4. axons do not have a myelin sheath - have their own type of sheath
34
Q

primary afferent of the olfactory pathway

A

olfactory neuroepithelial cell; acts as a receptor and a primary afferent

cell body is located in the olfactory epithelium of ethmoturbinates

35
Q

olfactory neural pathway

A
  1. primary afferent neuron detects scent and extends signal from olfactory epithelium, through cribriform plate, to the olfactory bulb
  2. primary afferent synapses with secondary afferent in the olfactory bulb
  3. secondary afferent extends along lateral olfactory tracts to the piriform lobe (also connects with medial tracts/other systems)
  4. secondary afferent synapses with tertiary afferents in the piriform lobe
  5. tertiary afferents project to olfactory cortex in limbic system (amygdala)
35
Q

olfactory neural pathway

A
  1. primary afferent neuron detects scent and extends signal from olfactory epithelium, through cribriform plate, to the olfactory bulb
  2. primary afferent synapses with secondary afferent in the olfactory bulb
  3. secondary afferent extends along lateral olfactory tracts to the piriform lobe (also connects with medial tracts/other systems)
  4. secondary afferent synapses with tertiary afferents in the piriform lobe
  5. tertiary afferents project to olfactory cortex in limbic system (amygdala)
36
Q

amygdala

A

group of neurons responsible for processing and memory of emotional reactions

part of basal nuclei (motor system) and limbic system (cerebrum, hypothalamus, thalamus)

37
Q

flehmen response

A

open mouth behavior that is used to transport fluid from oral cavity to the vomeronasal organ for chemosensory analysis (pheromone detection)

38
Q

vomeronasal organ

A

mucus filled tube on either side of the nasal septum that connects with the mouth via the nasopalatine duct

receptors detect non-volatile chemical cues (pheromones)

39
Q

limbic system function

A

supports emotion, behavior, and long term memory by influencing the endocrine and autonomic nervous system

40
Q

structures of the limbic system

A

hippocampus
piriform lobe
cingulate gyrus
amygdala
mammillary bodies
hypothalamus
rostral thalamic nuclei

41
Q

function of the hippocampus

A

involved in motor expression of emotion/range and the process of learning, memory, and instinct
- projects to hypothalamus via mammillary bodies

42
Q

crura

A

cell bodies of the hippocampus

43
Q

fimbria

A

white matter “fringe” that becomes the fornix

44
Q

fornix

A

white matter arch of the hippocampus

45
Q

signs of hippocampus dysfunction

A

seizures (indicates cerebral lesion)
inappropriate aggression (indicates limbic system lesion)

VET 404: Neurology (23 decks)

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