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VET 404: Neurology > Meninges + Vascular Supply > Flashcards

Meninges + Vascular Supply Flashcards

1
Q

meninges

A

three layers of membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

layers of the meninges

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

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3
Q

functions of the meninges

A
  1. dura - protection from mechanical injury
  2. arachnoid - provide space for flow of CSF
  3. pia - provide blood supply to the skull and cerebral hemispheres
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4
Q

dura mater

A

outermost, thick membrane composed of two layers
- contains fibroelastic cells
- highly vascularized
- innervated by CN V

PERMEABLE: abundant collagen, no tight junctions

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5
Q

functions of the dura mater

A
  1. cover/protect brain and spinal cord
  2. regulate neural progenitor migration/generation
  3. limit rotational displacement of the brain
  4. regulate glial cells
  5. regulate axon behavior at CNS/PNS interface
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6
Q

layers of the dura

A
  1. periosteal layer
  2. meningeal layer
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7
Q

periosteal layer

A

superficial; closest to calvarium

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8
Q

meningeal layer

A

inner layer; closest to CNS parenchyma, contains larger blood vessels

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9
Q

dural reflections

A

folds in the dura that limit rotational displacement of the brain
- falx cerebri/cerebelli: divides hemispheres
- tentorium cerebelli: separates cerebrum/cerebellum

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10
Q

arachnoid mater

A

middle membrane composed of crossing fibers that connect to the pia mater
- IMPERMEABLE: little collagen, has tight junctions

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11
Q

functions of the arachnoid

A

house the arachnoid space (subarachnoid space) for flow of CSF

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12
Q

arachnoid membrane

A

thin, fibrous tissue formed by flat cells that prevent diffusion of CSF

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13
Q

arachnoid trabeculae

A

strands of connective tissue that loosely join the arachnoid barrier cells with the pia mater

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14
Q

subarachnoid space

A

space within the arachnoid mater filled with CSF

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15
Q

arachnoid villi/granulations

A

protrusions of arachnoid membrane that cross the dura into the venous sinuses that allow CSF to be reabsorbed into circulation
- maintains UNIDIRECTIONAL flow of CSF

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16
Q

ways to maintain unidirectional flow of CSF from SAS –> venous sinus –> circulation

A

pressure differences; flows from high to low

subarachnoid space: high pressure
venous sinuses: low pressure

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17
Q

arachnoid cisternae

A

widest portions of subarachnoid space used to collect CSF

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18
Q

cisterna magna

A

clinically important arachnoid cisterna for CSF taps; located at the junction of the atlas and the occipital lobes

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19
Q

pia mater

A

thin, mesh membrane that tightly follows the brain and spinal cord
- follows all gyri/sulci
- interlaced with blood vessels that are important for vascularization of CNS

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20
Q

function of pia mater

A

provides blood supply and helps contain CSF

21
Q

pial sheath

A

external portion of the blood vessel wall as it pierces the pia to enter the CNS parenchyma
- creates a Virchow-Robin space

22
Q

Virchow-Robin space

A

space between the pia and the blood vessel

23
Q

clinical conditions of the meninges

A
  1. hematoma
  2. meningioma
  3. meningitis
  4. external hydrocephalus
  5. CSF circulation disorders
24
Q

epidural/extradural hematomas

A

hematoma is located between the skull and the dura mater
- displaces the dura away from the skull
- rapidly expands
- arterial blood

25
Q

subdural hematomas

A

hematoma is located between the dura and the arachnoid mater
- does not displace the dura
- slowly expands
- venous blood

26
Q

intracerebral/interparenchymal hematoma

A

hematoma is located within the brain parenchyma

27
Q

meningioma

A

tumor arising from the arachnoid mater
- common
- slow growing
- treatable

28
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges
- usually secondary to bacterial/fungal/protozoan infection

29
Q

aseptic meningitis

A

viral meningitis

ONLY affects the meninges

30
Q

meningoencephalitis

A

infection affects the meninges AND the parenchyma
- usually secondary to nearby infection (ears, eyes, nasal cavity)

31
Q

granulomatous meningoencephalitis

A

caused by canine distemper

32
Q

external hydrocephalus

A

accumulation of CSF outside the ventricles

cause: impairment of the arachnoid-CSF barrier leading to insufficient drainage of CSF to venous sinuses and accumulation in SAS

33
Q

chiari malformation

A

structural defect that causes lower part of the brain to press into/through an opening in the base of the skull and into the spinal cord
- causes secondary syringomyelia
- common in small headed dogs

34
Q

syringomyelia

A

fluid filled cyst on the spinal cord

35
Q

brain blood supply requirement

A

large and stable; consumes 25% of O2 intake and 15% of cardiac output

36
Q

main blood supply to the brain

A

internal carotid and vertebral arteries

37
Q

circle of willis

A

circular connection between the internal carotid artery and basilar artery at the basal part of the brain

38
Q

internal carotid artery

A

branch of the common carotid

supplies the rostral and middle cerebral arteries

39
Q

basilar artery

A

supplied by vertebral and ventral spinal arteries

supplies the caudal cerebral, cerebellar, and pontine arteries

40
Q

blood flow from aorta –> internal carotid

A

aorta –> L/R common carotids –> internal/external carotids

41
Q

carotid sinus

A

dilated area at the base of the ICA just above the ECA/ICA bifurcation

contains baroreceptors to detect changes in arterial pressure

42
Q

arterial territories

A

five main arteries that branch from the circle of willis; supplies distinct regions:

  1. rostral cerebral
  2. middle cerebral
  3. caudal cerebral
  4. rostral cerebellar
  5. caudal cerebellar
43
Q

cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs)

A

strokes; disruption of blood supply to the brain caused by hemorrhage or ischemia

44
Q

function of veins in the brain

A

carry blood to systemic circulation
release blood into sinuses
NO valves - movement is facilitated by gravity

45
Q

location of veins in the brain

A

outside and within parenchyma

46
Q

function of venous sinuses in the brain

A

CSF resorption
empty into internal jugular veins to go back to heart

47
Q

location of venous sinuses in the brain

A

outside the parenchyma only

48
Q

main dural sinuses

A
  1. dorsal sagittal sinus - along midline
  2. confluens sinuum - collection from dorsal sagittal sinus, straight sinus, and occipital sinus
  3. transverse sinus - collects from confluens sinuum; drains to internal jugular

VET 404: Neurology (23 decks)

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