Sedatives Flashcards
Main sedatives
A. Tansquillisers (major) 1. Phenothiazine derivates 2. Butyrophenone 3. (Rauwolfia alkaloids - reserpine) B. Hypnosedatives (sedative-hypnotics) 1. Alpha2-agonists: - Xylazine (Rompun, Rometar, Xylavet) - Medetomidine, Dexmedetomidine (Domitor, Dexdomitor) - Romifidine (Sedivet), Detomidine (Domesedan) Anxiolytics (minor tranq) 2. Benzodiazepines: -Diazepam (Seduxen) -Chlordiazepoxide (Elenium) 3. Propandiol-derivatives: -Meprobemate 4. Other compounds: -Barbiturates (long acting) -Alcohols, Aldehydes, Br- and Mg2+ salts
Phenothiazine derivates
- Propriopromazine (Combelen)
- Acepromazine (Vetranquil, Atrovet)
- Chlorpromazine (Hibernal)
- Prometazine (Pipolphen)
Butyrophenones
- Azaperone (Stresnil)
- (Haloperidol, Droperidol, Fluanisone)
Alpha2-agonists
- Xylazine (Rompun, Rometar, Xylavet)
- Medetomidine, Dexmedetomidine (Domitor, Dexdomitor)
- Romifidine (Sedivet) and Detomidine (Domesedan)
Anxiolytics (minor tranq)
Benzodiazepines
- Diazepam (Seduxen)
- Chlordiazepoxide (Elenium)
Propandiol-derivatives
-Meprobemate
Uses of phenothiazines
- Calming, sedative
- Muscle relax. (no analg.)
- Premed. before general anaest.
Side effects of phenothiazines
- Hypotension -> collapse
- Tissue irritation, allergy, excitation in horses
- Penile prolapse in horses
- Third eyelid prolaps in pets
- Incr. prolactin, FSH, decr. LH, ADH and oxytoxin
- Epilepsy, extrapyramidal symptoms
- Bulldogs and boxers are sensitive
- Not before transportation before abattoir
Effects of Chlorpromazine
- Side effects-frequently
- Paradox reaction in horses
- Tissue irritation, allergy
Effects of Propiopromazine
More reliable, less side effects
Effects of Acepromazine
- More efficiacy than Chlorpromazine
- Less side effects
- Good oral bioavail.
- Halothan hyperthermia and arrhytmogenecity decr.
Effects of Prometazine
- Less potent
- Incr. antihist. and anti-5-HT effects
Effects of Butirophenones
-More potent than Phenothiazines (some analgesic effect) Side effects: -Transient salivation or panting -Hypotension, resp. stim. -Boar penile prolapse -Avoid uses in very cold conditions
Main effects of hypnosedatives
- Sedative
- Anxiolytic
- Hypnotic (induce sleep)
- Muscle relaxation
- Anticonvulsive
Effects of Xylazine
-Sedative-analgesic, used in all dom.animals
Side effects:
-Emetics and vomiting in cats and dogs
-Bradycardia, malignant arrhytmias
-Sweating in horses
-Ecbolicaction: contraindictive in pregnant females
-Tympani in Ru
Effects of Detomidine
-More potent than Xylazine, licensed for Eq use
-No loss of consciousness
-Duration of action is dose dependent
Side effects:
-Hypertension, then hypotension
-Bradycardia
-Resp. dep.
-Diuresis
-Hypothermia, sweating, snoring, tremor
Usage of Detomidine
Alone or in comb. w. ketamine, thiopentone or opiod drugs
Effects of Medetomidine and Dexmedetomidine
- Similar effects as Xylazine, but more safe/reliable
- Developed for cats and dogs
Effects of Romifidine
- Sedation a bit longer
- Less ataxia or recumbancy than Xylazine and Detomidine
Drugs with reverse effects of alpha-2-agonists
- Atipamezole
- Tolazoline
- Yohimbine
Effects of Benzodiazepines
- Sedation, anxiolytic
- Anticonvulsive, muscle relax.
- Hypnotic
Antidote of Benzodiazepines
Flumazenil and Sarmazenil
Effects of Diazepam
-Good oral abs., IM is delayed
-Premed. and combinations (Ketamine)
-Muscle relax.
-Prevention and control of epilepsy
-Sedation
Side effects:
-Paradox. reaction in greyhounds and cats
-Aminoglycosides-inhib. of resp.
-Before and during delivery
-Liver disease
Effects of Midazolam
- Shorter effects than Diazepam
- Less sedation than Diazepam
