Administration routes Flashcards
ROUTES of ADMINISTRATION
TOPICAL (external): -skin, mucous membrane (local, systemic) -nose, ear, eye (cornea, conjunctiva) INTERNAL -ENTERAL • oral (direct) • orogastric/nasogastric tube • direct into rumen/abomasum w. inj. • rectal -PARENTERAL • Skin: SC, cutaneous or ID • Muscle: IM • Vein: IV • Abd. cavity: IP, intraabdominal • Joint: Intraarticular (I.-cardial IC, I.-thoracical /Pleural/, I.- cerebral, epidural, subarachnoideal, peri-neural, retrobulbar, I. lingual etc.) -OTHER • udder, uterus, vagina, respiratory tract (inhalational) etc.
Topical: dose forms
- Solid: dusting powder, collar
- Semi-Iiquid: ointment, lotion, cream, paste, liniment
- Liquid: solution, suspension, emulsion, dip, eye drops, nasal drops, ear drops, watery extract
- Aerosols
What is imp. to remember with Ru when it comes to oro/nasogastric tube
Ruminants: reactivation of the oesophageal groove mechanism in adults (sheep copper sulphate, cattle Na-bicarbonate 10%)
Internal: dose forms
-Solid: powder, tablet, capsule, granule, bolus
-Semi-liquid: oral pastes and gels, suppository
-Liquid: solution, syrup, elixir, suspension, emulsion
watery/alcoholic extract
Parenteral: dose forms
- Solid: implant (skin)
- Liquid: injection (solution, emulsion, suspension), infusion
Intravenous (IV): characteristics
- rapid effect
- application slowly (coagulation, toxic/allergic reaction)
- irritating drugs into the vein, not around
- oil-based not to be given (embolism)
Site for IV
- Cephalic, jugular, lateral saphenous, femoral, caudal, udder veins
- Horse: vena jugularis
- Cattle: vena jugularis, vena caudalis, udder veins
- Sheep, goat: vena jugularis
- Swine: vena cava cranialis, (ear or jugular vein), heart (neonates)
- Dog, Cat: vena cephalica antebrachii, vena saphena
- Rabbit: vena auricularis marginalis, vena jugularis
- Rat, mouse: vena caudalis
- Poultry: wing vein (vena cutanea ulnaris), leg veins
Intramuscular (IM): characteristics
- slower onset of action (slower absorption)
- water-based formfaster
- oil-based/other diluent -> slower
- longer duration of action
- irritating drug should not be given
- deep in a large muscle
Site for IM
- large muscles (gluteal, femoral, dorsal, cervical)
- praescapular
- poultry - thigh/breast muscles
Subcutaneous (SC): characteristics
- large volumes of non-irritating solutions/other preparation, irritating/hyperosmotic solution not be given Ø
- slower onset of action
- slightly longer duration than IM
Site for SC
- skin is soft enough, easy to make folds (neck, chest, groin, base of ear (swine))
Intradermal (ID): characteristics
- into the layer of skin
- for testing for tuberculosis/allergic conditions
Intraperitoneal (IP): characteristics
- abdominal cavity
- peritoneum large surface area for absorption
- Fluids, electrolyte solution/other preparation
Intraarterial (IA): characteristics
- directly into an artery
- seldom-used (may happen by mistake)
Intramedullar (intraosseal): characteristics
- seldom-used
- directly into the bone marrow
Intraarticular: characteristics
- directly into a joint
- inflammatory conditions of the joint
Intracardiac: characteristics
- through the chest wall
- directly into the chambers of the heart
- cardiopulmonary resuscitation/euthanasia
Subdural/epidural: characteristics
- spinal anaesthesia: subarachnoid, subdural (intrathecal) -
inside the dura mater - epidural: regional anaesthesia - outside the dura mater, inside the spinal canal (caudal anaesthesia in cattle)
Other routes: dose forms
– Solid: uterine tablet
– Semi-solid: intramammary infusion, gel
– Liquid: solution, extract, emulsion, suspension
– Aerosol: inhalosol
Aspects in horses
- Feed, drinking water:
- Intake by itself (individual) -> small amount
- Direct (oral) treatment -> nasogastric tube - Bolus (by hand, balling gun)
- ! Gel, paste
- Uterine treatment (liquid, tablet)
- Parenteral treatment (iv. preferred)
Advantage - Disadvantage with horse application
-PO: may be harmful -> aspiration of solid matters,
disturbance of gut flora and/or gut motility (oral antibiotic)lethal
-IM: irritating injection (small volumes divided many sites). Intensive attention and care has to be paid on treatment of aggressive ones. Danger of bite, kick, pawing (stamping with the feet).
Aspects in cattle - small Ru
- feed, tablet (+ other solid)
- liquid - individual treatment:
- orogastric/stomach tube (edentate edge - bottle)
- drench application - Intraruminal bolus (anthelmintic)
- uterus/udder treatment (liquid, tablet, infusion)
- Parenteral treatment
Advantage - Disadvantage with cattle - small Ru application
- PO:
- Individual oral treatment - easy (drench, bolus) ?bulls?
- Oral antibiotic - Ø in adult (ruminal flora), calf (<6-8-week)
- Large differences in absorption rate of drugs applied IM, upon the mode of animal keeping. In free-kept animals (non-stabled) leg muscles are more active then the cervical part.
- Danger of kick, pawing (stamping with the feet), jam-compression and butting.
Aspects in swine
- group medication: feed, drinking water (solid) -> adult
- individual treatment
- PO (young): drench, paste, through nostril (1-2 ml)
- IM: iron supplement - parenteral treatment
