Security in the Contemporary World Flashcards
Traditional security:Internal security
Importance:
- Varied over time
- Depended on context and situation
[Threats from groups or communities within borders. ex:Examples: civil wars, rebellions, revolutions]
Traditional security:external security
Importance
-Increased after World War II
-Involved global and regional conflicts.
[Threats from other countries or alliances e.g.Cold War, NATO, Warsaw Pact]
US-led Western alliance:Feared military attack from Soviet-led alliance
Supported capitalism and democracy
- Examples: NATO, France, UK, West Germany
Soviet-led Communist alliance:Feared military attack from US-led alliance
Supported communism and socialism
Examples: Warsaw Pact, USSR, China, East Germany
Decolonisation:European powers
-Faced violence from colonised people
-Tried to maintain control over colonies
Examples: France in Vietnam, UK in Kenya
Colonised people:demanded independence from European powers
Resisted colonial rule and oppression
Examples: Viet Minh, Mau Mau
security challenges in : Europe
Different from Asia and Africa
| |– Involved Cold War alliances
| |– Faced external threats from other countries or alliances
security challenges : Asia and Africa
Different from Europe
Faced external and internal threats
[Between
1946 and 1991, there was a
twelve-fold rise in the number of
civil wars—the greatest jump in
200 years]
Examples of external threats
Military conflict with neighbours
Border and territorial disputes
Control of people and populations **Examples of internal threats** Separatist movements
|-- Civil wars
|-- Merging of external and internal threats
TRADITIONAL SECURITY AND
COOPERATION
- Countries should respect the lives and rights of non-combatants and enemies
- Countries should avoid excessive or unnecessary violence
- self-defence or to protect other
people from genocide. - disarmament, arms control, and
confidence building. - Arms control regulates the
acquisition or development of
weapons. - confidence building as a
means of avoiding violence.
Confidence building is a process
in which countries share ideas
and information with their rivals.
- traditional conceptions
of security are principally
concerned with the use, or threat
of use, of military force. In
traditional security, force is both
the principal threat to security
and the principal means of
achieving security
Disarmament related treaty -
- the 1972 Biological
Weapons Convention (BWC) - the 1992 Chemical Weapons
Convention (CWC) banned the
production and possession of
these weapons. - The Anti-ballistic
Missile (ABM) Treaty in 1972 - NPT - 1967
** 155
states acceded to the BWC and
181 states acceded to the CWC.**
NON-TRADITIONAL NOTIONS:
Non-traditional views
of security have been called
‘human security’ or ‘global
security’
Human security is about the
protection of people more than the
protection of states.
HUMAN SECURITY : PROPOENET OF NARROW AND BROAD
- Proponents of
the ‘narrow’ concept of human
security focus on violent
threats to individuals - Proponents of
the ‘broad’ concept of human
security argue that the threat
agenda should include
hunger, disease and natural
disasters because these kill far
more people than war, genocide
and terrorism combined.
UN Secretary-General Kofi
Annan puts it, “the protection of
communities and individuals from
internal violence”**
GLOBAL SECURITY:
WORLD WORK TOGETHER TO SOLVE ISSUES THAT CAN’T BE SOLVED WITHOUT - COOPERATION B/W COUNTRIES .
Terrorism?
- political
violence thattargets civilians
deliberately and indiscriminately.
International terrorism involves
the citizens or territory of more
than one country.
- 11 September 2001 when terrorists
attacked the World Trade Centre in
America. - most of the
terror attacks have occurred in the
Middle East, Europe, Latin
America and South Asia
Human rights have come to
be classified into three types. WHAT ARE THOSE ?
- first type is political rights such as
freedom of speech and assembly. - The second type is economic and
social rights. - The third type is the
rights of colonised people or ethnic
and indigenous minorities.
- there is no
agreement on which set of rights
should be considered as universal. - Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait,
the genocide in Rwanda. - Indonesian military’s killing of
people in East Timor
Global poverty?
half of world population- 6 countries-India, China,
Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh
and Indonesia.
* gap between
the Northern and Southern
countries of the world.
** sub-Saharan Africa,
which is also the poorest region
of the world.**
* migration to
seek a better life, especially better
economic opportunities, in the
North.
People who have fled their
homes but remain within national
borders are called‘internally
displaced people’. example ?
Kashmiri
Pandits that fled the violence in the
Kashmir Valley in the early 1990s
are an example of an internally
displaced community.
- From 1990 to
1995, 70 states were involved in
93 wars which killed about 55 lakh
people. - in the 1990s, all but
three of the 60 refugee flows
coincided with an internal
armed conflict.
Health epidemics?
- By 2003, an estimated 4 crore
people were infected with HIVAIDS worldwide,** two-thirds of
them in Africa and half of the rest
in South Asia.** -
North America
and other industrialised countries,
new drug therapies dramatically
lowered the death rate from HIVAIDS in the late 1990s. - africa condition remain stagnated.
- late 1990s,
Britain has lost billions of dollars
of income during an outbreak of
the mad-cow disease, and bird flu. - countries in
**
adults has the disease (one iSouthern Africa, HIV-AIDS poses
a serious threat **as one in sixn three
for Botswana, the worst case) -
1994, the Tutsi tribe in Rwanda
faced a threat to its existence as
nearlyfive lakh of its people were
killed by the rival Hutu tribe in a
matter of weeks.
security
strategy has four broad
components:INDIA’S SECURITY STRATEGY
- its military capabilities
because India has been involved
in conflicts with its neighbours.[Pakistan in 1947–48, 1965, 1971
and 1999; China in 1962] - India’s security strategy has been
to strengthen international norms
and international institutions to
protect its security interests.[It argued for
an equitable New International
Economic Order (NIEO).][India** joined 160**
countries that have signed and
ratified the 1997 Kyoto Protocol,
which provides a roadmap for
reducing the emissions of
greenhouse gases ] - geared
towards meeting security challenges within the country.
Several militant groups from areas
such as the Nagaland, Mizoram,
the Punjab, and Kashmir among
others have, from time to time,
sought to break away from India. - there has been an
attempt in India to develop its
economy in a way that the vast
mass of citizens are lifted out of
poverty and misery and huge
economic inequalities are not
allowed to exist.
. India first tested a
nuclear device in
1974
