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Biol 2002 1st Quiz > Sections 20.1-20.3 > Flashcards

Sections 20.1-20.3 Flashcards

1
Q

Recombinant DNA technology

A

Use of laboratory techniques to bring together fragments of DNA from multiple sources to benefit humans

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2
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

Any DNA molecule that has been manipulated so that it contains DNA from two or more sources

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3
Q

Gene cloning

A

Process of making multiple copies of a particular gene

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4
Q

Genomics

A

Molecular analysis of the entire genome of a species

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5
Q

Biotechnology

A

Use of living organisms or products of living organisms for human benefit

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6
Q

Genetic engineering

A

Direct manipulation of genes for practical applications

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7
Q

Goals of gene cloning

A

-researcher or clinician may want many copies of a gene, perhaps to study the DNA directly or to use the DNA as a tool

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8
Q

Vector DNA

A

Acts as a carrier of the DNA segment that is to be cloned

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9
Q

Vector DNA may carry a small segment today chromosomal DNA

A

Perhaps only a single gene

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10
Q

When the vector is introduced into living cell what will it do?

A

It can replicate so the DNA it carries is also replicated

- it then produces many copies of the inserted gene

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11
Q

Plasmids

A

Small, circular pieces of DNA that are found naturally in many strains of bacteria

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12
Q

How is the chromosomal DNA inserted into the vector DNA?

A

The chromosomal DNA is cut and put into the vector DNA linking them together

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13
Q

Restriction enzymes

A

Used to cut DNA

  • restriction enzymes bind to a specific base sequence
  • restriction enzymes give DNA fragments with sticky ends
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14
Q

DNA Ligase

A

Forms covalent bonds between sticky ends of chromosomal DNA and the resembling ends on the vector DNA

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15
Q

Recombinant vector

A

Vector containing a piece of chromosomal DNA

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16
Q

The recombinant vector carrying the desired gene is then put where?

A

Into bacteria so the bacterial cells can replicate

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17
Q

Competent bacteria cells

A

Bacterial cells with the ability to take up DNA

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18
Q

Each of the new bacterial cells that replicated contain what?

A

-contain many copies of the cloned gene

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19
Q

DNA library

A

Collection of recombinant vectors containing DNA fragments from a given organism

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20
Q

Genomic library

A

When the inserts are derived from chromosomal DNA

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21
Q

CDNA

A

Is called complementary DNA Bc it was DNA that was made from RNA

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22
Q

Gel electrophoresis

A

Technique for seperating macromolecules such as DNA and proteins as they migrate through a gel

23
Q

Gel electrophoresis can be used too….

A

Determine the sizes of DNA fragments that have been inserted into recombinant vectors

24
Q

What DNA fragments move more quickly through the gel?

A

Smaller DNA fragments move more quickly through the gel than larger DNA fragments and therefore are located closer to the bottom of the gel

25
PCR
Another method for copying DNA
26
What is needed for PCR?
Two different primers that are complementary to sequences at each end of the DNA region to be amplified
27
Taq polymerase
Heat stable form of DNA polyermase
28
Steps of PCR reaction
1. Sample of chromosomal DNA is heated to seperate the DNA into single- stranded molecules 2. Then the primers bind to DNA. Binding of primers to specific sites is called annealing 3. After primers have annealed, temp is slightly raised so taq polymerase uses dNTPs to catalyze synthesis (called primer extension)
29
Why is it called chain reaction?
Products of previous step are used in reactants of subsequent steps
30
Functional genomics
Studies expression of a genome
31
BAC
Type of cloning vector that can reliably contain much larger inserted DNA fragments
32
Mapping
Refers to process of determine the relative locations of genes or other DNA segments along a chromosome
33
DNA sequencing
Method of determine the base sequence of DNA
34
Selectable markers
Presence of antibiotic selects for growth of cells expressing ampR gene
35
Blue-white selection
Blue colonies: recircularized vector without an insert- lac Z gene is functional and produces blue color White colonies: recombinant vector with an insert: lac Z gene is nonfunctional
36
CDNA library
Collection of recombinant vectors that have cDNA inserts
37
Gel electrophoresis
Loaded into wells at top of gel and electric field has DNA fragments move. Seperates fragments according to their masses, with smaller DNA fragments near the bottom of the gel
38
PCR
Three steps are denaturation, primed annealing, and primer extension. Synthesis of many copies of DNA in the region that is flanked by two primers
39
Proteomics
Large scale study of proteins, particularly their structure and functions
40
Artificial chromosome
Microchromosome can act as new chromosome in population of human cells. Usually very small
41
Contig
Collection of clones that have overlapping pieces of DNA from a particular chromsome
42
Dideoxynucleotide
Nucleotide that is missing OH group and therefore cannot bind any more nucleotides so it ends DNA extension
43
Dideoxy sequencing
Each ddNTP is tagged with a different color. Synthesis of short DNA strands until ddNTP is added -seperate newly made strands by electrophoresis -sequence can be deduced from colors in gel and locations
44
DNA microarrays
**identifiying transcribed genes - isolate mRNA from cells of interest - add reverse transcriptase and fluorescent and this makes fluorescent cDNAS - each spot on microarray has single stranded DNA molecules that correspond to short sequences of genes - computer generates image that indicates relative fluorescence and this tells you which genes are expressed in a cell specific manner
45
Transgenic organism
When a GMO carries a gene from | Another species
46
GMO
An organism whose genome has been modified using molecular techniques
47
Bioproduction
Production of drugs, vaccines, cell therapies and other useful products by living organisms
48
Molecular pharming
Genetically engineered farm animals or crops to make pharmaceuticals
49
Gene knockout
When cloned gene carried a mutation that inactivates the normal genes function * *homozygote - normal genes function is inoperative
50
Gene therapy
Method to treat human diseases by introduction of cloned genes into cells
51
Palindrome
Word, phrase, number or sequence of characters that reads the same backward or forward
52
Gene replacement
Cloned gene may recombine with the normal gene on a chromosome
53
DNA fingerprinting
Technology for identifying and distinguishing among individuals based on variations in their DNA
54
DNA fingerprinting amplifies what ?
Short tandem repeats which are short non-coding sequences repeated many times in a row and it differs from individual to individual

Biol 2002 1st Quiz (13 decks)

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