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Biol 2002 1st Quiz > Chapter 15.1,15.3, 16, 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 15.1,15.3, 16, 17 Flashcards

1
Q

Anaphase 1 and anaphase 2

A

Anaphase 1: segregation of homologous (connections between bivalents break but not sister chromatids)

Anaphase 2: separation of sister chromatids to create 4 gametes

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2
Q

Autosomal linkage

A

Refers to genes on the same chromosome these genes tend to show up together in the same combinations in the offspring

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3
Q

Autosomes

A

Any chromosome that is not a Sex chromosome

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4
Q

Bivalent (tetrad)

A

Forms at beginning of meiosis when sister chromatids associate with each other, lying side by side

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5
Q

Centromere

A

The region of the chromosome to which the microtubules of the spindle attach

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6
Q

Chiasma

A

The location at which crossing over and exchanging of genetic material occurs between strands

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7
Q

Chromatids

A

The two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides into during cell division

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8
Q

Cleavage furrow

A

What forms right before cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm to produce two distinct daughter cells)

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9
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of cytoplasm to produce two distinct daughter cells
**last step of mitosis

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10
Q

Crossing over

A

Physical exchange between chromosome segments of the bivalent

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11
Q

Codominance

A

When a single individual expresses two alleles (two alleles at once)

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12
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

Following two different characters at once during a cross

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13
Q

Diploid

A

Having two sets of each chromosome

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14
Q

Dominant

A

When presence of one allele

Masks the other allele

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15
Q

Gamete

A

Sperm and egg cells that are just haploid

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16
Q

Genotype

A

refers to the genetic composition of an individual

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17
Q

Haploid

A

One set of each chromosome opposed to two

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18
Q

Heterozygous

A

Indovidual that carries two different alleles of a gene

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19
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two identical alleles of a gene

20
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Heterozygote shows intermediate between corresponding homozygous individuals

21
Q

Interphase

A

Cells grow and make copies of chromosomes

-first stage in mitosis really

22
Q

Karyotype

A

Number and appearance of chromosomes in nucleus of eukaryotic cell

23
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

Individual hereditary factors assort independently during gamete production which means different traits have equal opportunity of occuring together

24
Q

Law of segregation

A

Alleles pair seperately and separate during gamete formation and then randomly unite at fertilization

25
Q

Meiosis I and II

A

Meiosis 1 is when separation of homologs occur and meiosis 2 is when sister chromatids separate

26
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

Breeding between p generation individuals that differ in a single given trait

27
Q

Non-sister chromatids

A

Sister chromatids are those replicated from same chromosome.

-non sister chromatids may be found in meiosis (usually metaphase 2) when paternal and maternal chromatids seperate

28
Q

Metaphase plate

A

An imaginary line that is equidistant from two centrosome poles

29
Q

Particulate inheritance

A

Idea that phenotypic traits can be passed down from generation to generation through discrete particles known as genes which can keep their ability to be expressed while not always appearing

30
Q

Pleiotropy

A

When one gene influences two or more seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits

31
Q

Ploidy

A

The number sets of chromosomes in a cell. (Being either haploid or diploid)

32
Q

Recessive

A

Masked by the dominant characteristic

33
Q

Recombinant

A

Smaller number of offspring that have a combination of traits not found in parental generation

34
Q

Recombinant gamete

A

Gamete containing a new combination of alleles as compared with those found on the homologous chromosomes of the parent

35
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

Pair of chromosomes responsible for sex determination (X and Y)

36
Q

Sex linkage

A

When a gene responsible for a specific trait is located on a sex chromosome

37
Q

Synapsis

A

The point for point pairing of homologous chromosomes during prophrase of meiosis

38
Q

Law of segregation

A

The two alleles of a gene segregate from each other during process that gives rise to gametes so every gamete only receives one allele

39
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Makes an intermediate phenotype because the given gene does not show a simple dominant/ recessive relationship

40
Q

Codominance

A

When an individual expresses two alleles at once

41
Q

Two factor cross produces what ratio in F2 generation?

A

9:3:3:1 due to independent assortment

42
Q

Disorders caused by sex linked alleles are more common to occur in…

A

Males

43
Q

Epigenetic inheritance

A

The modification of a gene or chromosome that affects the expression of one or more genes but does not alter the DNA sequence

44
Q

Due to crossing over….

A

Two of four egg cells produced by meiosis have recombinant chromosomes
-they have combinations of traits not found in parental generation

45
Q

Calico cat

A

Outcome of epigenetic inheritance, appears in phenotype due to modification of a gene or chromosome
*not permanent

46
Q

Crossing over

A

Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that results in recombinant chromosomes during sexual reproduction

Biol 2002 1st Quiz (13 decks)

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