Chapter 15.1,15.3, 16, 17

Question 1

Anaphase 1 and anaphase 2

Answer 1

Anaphase 1: segregation of homologous (connections between bivalents break but not sister chromatids)

Anaphase 2: separation of sister chromatids to create 4 gametes

Question 2

Autosomal linkage

Answer 2

Refers to genes on the same chromosome these genes tend to show up together in the same combinations in the offspring

Question 3

Autosomes

Answer 3

Any chromosome that is not a Sex chromosome

Question 4

Bivalent (tetrad)

Answer 4

Forms at beginning of meiosis when sister chromatids associate with each other, lying side by side

Question 5

Centromere

Answer 5

The region of the chromosome to which the microtubules of the spindle attach

Question 6

Chiasma

Answer 6

The location at which crossing over and exchanging of genetic material occurs between strands

Question 7

Chromatids

Answer 7

The two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides into during cell division

Question 8

Cleavage furrow

Answer 8

What forms right before cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm to produce two distinct daughter cells)

Question 9

Cytokinesis

Answer 9

Division of cytoplasm to produce two distinct daughter cells
**last step of mitosis

Question 10

Crossing over

Answer 10

Physical exchange between chromosome segments of the bivalent

Question 11

Codominance

Answer 11

When a single individual expresses two alleles (two alleles at once)

Question 12

Dihybrid cross

Answer 12

Following two different characters at once during a cross

Question 13

Diploid

Answer 13

Having two sets of each chromosome

Question 14

Dominant

Answer 14

When presence of one allele

Masks the other allele

Question 15

Gamete

Answer 15

Sperm and egg cells that are just haploid

Question 16

Genotype

Answer 16

refers to the genetic composition of an individual

Question 17

Haploid

Answer 17

One set of each chromosome opposed to two

Question 18

Heterozygous

Answer 18

Indovidual that carries two different alleles of a gene

Question 19

Homozygous

Answer 19

Having two identical alleles of a gene

Question 20

Incomplete dominance

Answer 20

Heterozygote shows intermediate between corresponding homozygous individuals

Question 21

Interphase

Answer 21

Cells grow and make copies of chromosomes

-first stage in mitosis really

Question 22

Karyotype

Answer 22

Number and appearance of chromosomes in nucleus of eukaryotic cell

Question 23

Law of independent assortment

Answer 23

Individual hereditary factors assort independently during gamete production which means different traits have equal opportunity of occuring together

Question 24

Law of segregation

Answer 24

Alleles pair seperately and separate during gamete formation and then randomly unite at fertilization

Question 25

Meiosis I and II

Answer 25

Meiosis 1 is when separation of homologs occur and meiosis 2 is when sister chromatids separate

Question 26

Monohybrid cross

Answer 26

Breeding between p generation individuals that differ in a single given trait

Question 27

Non-sister chromatids

Answer 27

Sister chromatids are those replicated from same chromosome. | -non sister chromatids may be found in meiosis (usually metaphase 2) when paternal and maternal chromatids seperate

Question 28

Metaphase plate

Answer 28

An imaginary line that is equidistant from two centrosome poles

Question 29

Particulate inheritance

Answer 29

Idea that phenotypic traits can be passed down from generation to generation through discrete particles known as genes which can keep their ability to be expressed while not always appearing

Question 30

Pleiotropy

Answer 30

When one gene influences two or more seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits

Question 31

Ploidy

Answer 31

The number sets of chromosomes in a cell. (Being either haploid or diploid)

Question 32

Recessive

Answer 32

Masked by the dominant characteristic

Question 33

Recombinant

Answer 33

Smaller number of offspring that have a combination of traits not found in parental generation

Question 34

Recombinant gamete

Answer 34

Gamete containing a new combination of alleles as compared with those found on the homologous chromosomes of the parent

Question 35

Sex chromosomes

Answer 35

Pair of chromosomes responsible for sex determination (X and Y)

Question 36

Sex linkage

Answer 36

When a gene responsible for a specific trait is located on a sex chromosome

Question 37

Synapsis

Answer 37

The point for point pairing of homologous chromosomes during prophrase of meiosis

Question 38

Law of segregation

Answer 38

The two alleles of a gene segregate from each other during process that gives rise to gametes so every gamete only receives one allele

Question 39

Incomplete dominance

Answer 39

Makes an intermediate phenotype because the given gene does not show a simple dominant/ recessive relationship

Question 40

Codominance

Answer 40

When an individual expresses two alleles at once

Question 41

Two factor cross produces what ratio in F2 generation?

Answer 41

9:3:3:1 due to independent assortment

Question 42

Disorders caused by sex linked alleles are more common to occur in...

Answer 42

Males

Question 43

Epigenetic inheritance

Answer 43

The modification of a gene or chromosome that affects the expression of one or more genes but does not alter the DNA sequence

Question 44

Due to crossing over....

Answer 44

Two of four egg cells produced by meiosis have recombinant chromosomes -they have combinations of traits not found in parental generation

Question 45

Calico cat

Answer 45

Outcome of epigenetic inheritance, appears in phenotype due to modification of a gene or chromosome *not permanent

Question 46

Crossing over

Answer 46

Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that results in recombinant chromosomes during sexual reproduction