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Biol 2002 1st Quiz > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell differentiation

A

The process by which cells become specialized into particular types

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2
Q

Regulatory transcription factors

A

Proteins that bind to regulatory sequences in the DNA in the vicinity of a promoter and affect the rate of transcription of one or more nearby genes

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3
Q

Repressors

A

Regulatory transcription factors that bind to DNA to decrease rate of transcription

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4
Q

Negative control

A

When rate of transcription is decreased

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5
Q

Activators

A

Bind to DNA and increase rate of transcription (positive control)

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6
Q

Small effector molecules

A

Works by binding to a regulatory transcription factor and cases a conformational change in the protein

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7
Q

Operon (in bacteria)

A

When structural genes are clustered together and under the transcriptional control of a single promoter

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8
Q

Polycistronic mRNA

A

MRNA that encodes more than one protein

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9
Q

Promoter

A

The site in the DNA where transcription begins and the RNA polymerase attChes

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10
Q

Enhancer

A

A response element in eukaryotes that increases the rate of transcription

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11
Q

Silencer

A

A regulatory element in eukaryotes that prevents transcription of a given gene

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12
Q

Basal transcription

A

A low level of transcription resulting from just the core promoter

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13
Q

Transcription start site

A

The site in a eukaryotic promoter where transcription begins

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14
Q

Lac Operon

A

An Operon in the genome of E. coli that contains the genes for the enzymes that allow it to metabolize lactose

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15
Q

LAC Z

A

Encodes b galactosidase which is an enzyme that breaks down lactose, sometimes breaks it does into alloctotase

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16
Q

Lac Y

A

Encodes lactose permease which is a membrane protein required for transport of lactose into cytoplasm

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17
Q

Lac A gene

A

Encodes galactoside tranacetylase which covalently modifies lactose and lactose analogues by attaching an acetyl group

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18
Q

LACO

A

Regulatory sequence in the DNA, also where the lac repressor binds to if there is no lactose in the cell

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19
Q

Beta galactosidase

A

Enzyme that breaks down lactose (sometimes into allactotase?

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20
Q

Lactose permease

A

Membrane protein required for transport of lactose into cytoplasm

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21
Q

Terminator

A

A sequence that specifies the end of transcription

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22
Q

Transcription factor

A

Protein that influences the ability of RNA polymerase to transcribe genes

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23
Q

Sigma factor

A

A protein that plays a key role in bacterial promoter recognition and recruits rna polymerase to promoter

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24
Q

Cis elements

A

DNA segment that must be adjacent to the genes it regulates (lac operator)

25
Q

Trans acting factors

A

Even though two DNA segments are not physically adjacent, a form of genetic regulation can still occur
(The lac repressor)

26
Q

Repressor

A

Transcription factor that binds to DNA and inhibits transcription

27
Q

Activator

A

Transcription factor that binds to DNA and increases the rate of transcription

28
Q

Alternative splicing

A

The splicing of pre -mRNA in more than one way to create two or more different polypeptides

29
Q

Mediator

A

Large protein complex that plays a role in initiating transcription at the core promoter of structural genes in eukaryotes

30
Q

Small effector molecule

A

Work by binding to a regulatory transcription factor and causing a conformational change in the protein

31
Q

Inducer

A

Small effector molecule that increases rate of transcription

32
Q

Corepressor

A

Causes conformational change in repressor and allows it to bind to trp operator site inhibiting ability of rna polymerase to transcribe Operon

33
Q

Trp repressor

A

Only binds to operator in precense of the small effector molecule so it acts as a co repressor

34
Q

Trp Operon

A

Encodes enzymes that are required to make the amino acid tryptophan

35
Q

CAP site

A

One of two regulatory sites near lac promoter; site is DNA sequence recognized by the activator protein CAP

36
Q

Pre-initiation complex

A

Structure of the completed assembly of RNA polymerase II and the GTFS at the TATA box prior to transcription of eukaryotic structural genes

37
Q

Regulatory sequence

A

DNA sequence that functions as a binding site for genetic regulatory proteins. Regulatory sequences control whether a gene is turned on or off

38
Q

Regulatory transcription factor

A

Protein that binds to DNA in the vicinity of a promoter and affects the rate of transcription of one or more nearby genes

39
Q

TATA box

A

One of three features found in eukaryotic promoters; others are transcriptional start site and regulatory elements

40
Q

Repressible Operon

A

In this type of Operon, a small effector molecule inhibits transcription

41
Q

Inducible operon

A

In this type of operon, a small effector molecule starts transcription

42
Q

Combinatorial control

A

Where many factors determines the expression of any given gene

43
Q

Repressors and activators are….

A

Proteins

44
Q

When lactose is absent from the environment….

A

Allolactose is not made and the lac repressor is free to bind to the lac operator. Transcription of Operon is inhibited

45
Q

When lactose is present

A

-allolactose is made inside the cell. The binding of allolactose to the lac repressor prevents it from binding to the lac operator site. This permits the transcription of the lac Operon

46
Q

When glucose levels are high…

A

There is a lack of CAP binding and transcription is inhibited

47
Q

Cyclic amp

A

Small effector molecule that controls CAP

48
Q

Open conformation

A

Accessible to GTFS and RNA polymerase II

49
Q

Epigenetic gene regulation

A

Involves changes in gene expression that can be passed from cell to cell and are reversible but does not involve a change in the base sequence of DNA

50
Q

Constitutive genes

A

Expressed at constant levels

51
Q

Gene regulation

A

Ensures that gene products are made only when they are needed

52
Q

LacI gene

A

LacI gene encodes a diffusible protein that represses the lac Operon

53
Q

Glucose…

A

Inhibits cAMP production which in turn inhibits the expression of the lac Operon because CAP cannot bind to the CAP site

54
Q

Regulatory elements like (enhancers or silencers)

A

Regulate the rate of transcription

55
Q

DNA methylation…

A

Usually inhibits transcription

56
Q

MiRNAs and siRNAS

A

Inhibit MRNAS by inhibiting translation or by promoting the degradation of mRNAS

57
Q

LACI encodes a repressor protein

A

If there is a mutation in the lacI then this prevents the repressor from inhibiting the lac Operon

58
Q

Core promoter

A

TATA box and transcriptional start site

59
Q

Coactivator

A

Protein that increases the rate of transcription but does not directly bind to DNA itself

Biol 2002 1st Quiz (13 decks)

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