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Biol 2002 1st Quiz > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell differentiation

A

The process by which cells become specialized into particular types

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2
Q

Regulatory transcription factors

A

Proteins that bind to regulatory sequences in the DNA in the vicinity of a promoter and affect the rate of transcription of one or more nearby genes

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3
Q

Repressors

A

Regulatory transcription factors that bind to DNA to decrease rate of transcription

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4
Q

Negative control

A

When rate of transcription is decreased

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5
Q

Activators

A

Bind to DNA and increase rate of transcription (positive control)

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6
Q

Small effector molecules

A

Works by binding to a regulatory transcription factor and cases a conformational change in the protein

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7
Q

Operon (in bacteria)

A

When structural genes are clustered together and under the transcriptional control of a single promoter

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8
Q

Polycistronic mRNA

A

MRNA that encodes more than one protein

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9
Q

Promoter

A

The site in the DNA where transcription begins and the RNA polymerase attChes

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10
Q

Enhancer

A

A response element in eukaryotes that increases the rate of transcription

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11
Q

Silencer

A

A regulatory element in eukaryotes that prevents transcription of a given gene

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12
Q

Basal transcription

A

A low level of transcription resulting from just the core promoter

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13
Q

Transcription start site

A

The site in a eukaryotic promoter where transcription begins

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14
Q

Lac Operon

A

An Operon in the genome of E. coli that contains the genes for the enzymes that allow it to metabolize lactose

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15
Q

LAC Z

A

Encodes b galactosidase which is an enzyme that breaks down lactose, sometimes breaks it does into alloctotase

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16
Q

Lac Y

A

Encodes lactose permease which is a membrane protein required for transport of lactose into cytoplasm

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17
Q

Lac A gene

A

Encodes galactoside tranacetylase which covalently modifies lactose and lactose analogues by attaching an acetyl group

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18
Q

LACO

A

Regulatory sequence in the DNA, also where the lac repressor binds to if there is no lactose in the cell

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19
Q

Beta galactosidase

A

Enzyme that breaks down lactose (sometimes into allactotase?

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20
Q

Lactose permease

A

Membrane protein required for transport of lactose into cytoplasm

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21
Q

Terminator

A

A sequence that specifies the end of transcription

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22
Q

Transcription factor

A

Protein that influences the ability of RNA polymerase to transcribe genes

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23
Q

Sigma factor

A

A protein that plays a key role in bacterial promoter recognition and recruits rna polymerase to promoter

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24
Q

Cis elements

A

DNA segment that must be adjacent to the genes it regulates (lac operator)

25
Trans acting factors
Even though two DNA segments are not physically adjacent, a form of genetic regulation can still occur (The lac repressor)
26
Repressor
Transcription factor that binds to DNA and inhibits transcription
27
Activator
Transcription factor that binds to DNA and increases the rate of transcription
28
Alternative splicing
The splicing of pre -mRNA in more than one way to create two or more different polypeptides
29
Mediator
Large protein complex that plays a role in initiating transcription at the core promoter of structural genes in eukaryotes
30
Small effector molecule
Work by binding to a regulatory transcription factor and causing a conformational change in the protein
31
Inducer
Small effector molecule that increases rate of transcription
32
Corepressor
Causes conformational change in repressor and allows it to bind to trp operator site inhibiting ability of rna polymerase to transcribe Operon
33
Trp repressor
Only binds to operator in precense of the small effector molecule so it acts as a co repressor
34
Trp Operon
Encodes enzymes that are required to make the amino acid tryptophan
35
CAP site
One of two regulatory sites near lac promoter; site is DNA sequence recognized by the activator protein CAP
36
Pre-initiation complex
Structure of the completed assembly of RNA polymerase II and the GTFS at the TATA box prior to transcription of eukaryotic structural genes
37
Regulatory sequence
DNA sequence that functions as a binding site for genetic regulatory proteins. Regulatory sequences control whether a gene is turned on or off
38
Regulatory transcription factor
Protein that binds to DNA in the vicinity of a promoter and affects the rate of transcription of one or more nearby genes
39
TATA box
One of three features found in eukaryotic promoters; others are transcriptional start site and regulatory elements
40
Repressible Operon
In this type of Operon, a small effector molecule inhibits transcription
41
Inducible operon
In this type of operon, a small effector molecule starts transcription
42
Combinatorial control
Where many factors determines the expression of any given gene
43
Repressors and activators are....
Proteins
44
When lactose is absent from the environment....
Allolactose is not made and the lac repressor is free to bind to the lac operator. Transcription of Operon is inhibited
45
When lactose is present
-allolactose is made inside the cell. The binding of allolactose to the lac repressor prevents it from binding to the lac operator site. This permits the transcription of the lac Operon
46
When glucose levels are high...
There is a lack of CAP binding and transcription is inhibited
47
Cyclic amp
Small effector molecule that controls CAP
48
Open conformation
Accessible to GTFS and RNA polymerase II
49
Epigenetic gene regulation
Involves changes in gene expression that can be passed from cell to cell and are reversible but does not involve a change in the base sequence of DNA
50
Constitutive genes
Expressed at constant levels
51
Gene regulation
Ensures that gene products are made only when they are needed
52
LacI gene
LacI gene encodes a diffusible protein that represses the lac Operon
53
Glucose...
Inhibits cAMP production which in turn inhibits the expression of the lac Operon because CAP cannot bind to the CAP site
54
Regulatory elements like (enhancers or silencers)
Regulate the rate of transcription
55
DNA methylation...
Usually inhibits transcription
56
MiRNAs and siRNAS
Inhibit MRNAS by inhibiting translation or by promoting the degradation of mRNAS
57
LACI encodes a repressor protein
If there is a mutation in the lacI then this prevents the repressor from inhibiting the lac Operon
58
Core promoter
TATA box and transcriptional start site
59
Coactivator
Protein that increases the rate of transcription but does not directly bind to DNA itself

Biol 2002 1st Quiz (13 decks)

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