Chapter 26

Question 1

Ancestral character state

Answer 1

Shared by two or more different Taxa and inherited from ancestors older than their last common ancestor

Question 2

Binomial nomenclature

Answer 2

Formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts

Question 3

Characters

Answer 3

Certain homologous features

Question 4

Character states of the front limb

Answer 4

Wing, arm, flipper

Question 5

Cladistics

Answer 5

Classification of species based on evolutionary relationships

Question 6

Cladograms

Answer 6

Trees that are created based on certain evolutionary relationships

Question 7

Hierarchical classification system

Answer 7

System of organization that involves successive levels

Question 8

Homology

Answer 8

Similarity either in appearance or molecular things like DNA

Question 9

Principle of parsimony

Answer 9

Preferred hypothesis for cladograms is the one that is the simplest for all characters and their states

Question 10

Taxon

Answer 10

??

Question 11

Paraphyletic group

Answer 11

Contains a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants

Question 12

Monophyletic group

Answer 12

Contains a common ancestor and all of its descendants

Question 13

Derived character state

Answer 13

Character that is shared by two or more species or taxa and has originated in their most recent common ancestor

Question 14

Outgroup

Answer 14

Species or group of species that is assumed to have diverged before the species in the ingroup

Question 15

Ingroup

Answer 15

Group whose evolutionary relationships we wish to understand that

Question 16

Phenetics

Answer 16

Biological classification based on overall similarities between organisms usually morphology rather than on their genetic or evolutionary relationships

Question 17

Phylogeny

Answer 17

The branch of biology that deals with the study of evolutionary history and relationships among individuals or groups of organisms

Question 18

Systematics

Answer 18

Study of diversification of living forms both past and present and the relationships among living things through time

Question 19

Taxon

Answer 19

Each group at any level is called a taxon

Question 20

3 domains of life

Answer 20

Bacteria,archaea, eukarya

Question 21

Genus and epithet

Answer 21

Two parts of bionomial nomenclature (genus part is always capitalized, species epithet is not)

Question 22

What should phylogenetic trees be viewed as?

Answer 22

As hypotheses that are proposed, tested, and later refined as additional data becomes more available

Question 23

Anagenesis

Answer 23

Where a single species evolved into a different species

Question 24

cladogenesis

Answer 24

In which a species diverges into two or more species

Question 25

What are the branch points in phylogenetic free called?

Answer 25

Nodes

Question 26

Molecular systematics

Answer 26

Involved the analysis of genetic data, such as DNA sequences or amino acid sequences, to identify and study genetic homologous and propose phylogenetic trees

Question 27

Horizontal gene transfer

Answer 27

Used to describe any process in which an organism incorporates genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism

Question 28

Polyphyletic group

Answer 28

Contains groups of species with different common ancestor

Question 29

Systematic s

Answer 29

Study of biological diversity based on evolutionary relationships

Question 30

Correct order of taxa…

Answer 30

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Question 31

Cladogensis occurs…

Answer 31

At branch points or nodes in phylogenetic trees

Question 32

Goal of modern taxonomy

Answer 32

Classify all organisms into monophyletic groups

Question 33

Horizontal gene transfer

Answer 33

Less prevalent in eukaryotes because of multicellularity and sexual reproduction

Question 34

Phylogeny

Answer 34

Evolutionary history of a species

Question 35

Taxonomy

Answer 35

Science of describing,naming, and classifying both extant and extinct species based on similarities and dissimilarities

Question 36

Multiple sequence alignment

Answer 36

Sequence alignment of three or more biological sequences, generally protein, DNA, or RNA

Question 37

Cladistics is form of systematics

Answer 37

Yes