Chapter 23 Deck

Question 1

Evolution

Answer 1

Heritable change in one or more characteristics of a population from one generation to the next

Question 2

Species

Answer 2

Group of related organisms that share a distinctive form

Question 3

Population

Answer 3

All members of a species that live in same area at same time and have the opportunity to interbreed

Question 4

Molecular evolution

Answer 4

Refers to process of evolution at the level of genes and proteins

Question 5

Inheritance of acquired charActeristics

Answer 5

Behavioral changes could modify traits and then the modified traits were inherited by offspring

Question 6

Lamarck

Answer 6

Had inheritance of acquired characteristics idea and said that species change over the course of many generations by adaptating to new environments

Question 7

Darwin

Answer 7

Played central role in developing the theory that existing species have evolved from pre-existing ones

Question 8

Adaptation

Answer 8

Change or process of change when organism or species becomes better suited to environment

Question 9

Alfred Wallace

Answer 9

Wallace proposed similar ideas concerning evolution so he worked closely with Darwin

Question 10

Darwins theory

Answer 10

“Descent with modification through variation and natural selection evolution”

Question 11

Variation in traits

Answer 11

Variation in traits may occur among individuals or given species and the heritable traits are then passed down from parents to offspring

Question 12

How does variation in traits happen?

Answer 12

Due to genetic changes like random mutations in genes

Question 13

Natural selection

Answer 13

Individuals w/ heritable traits that make them better suited to their native environment tend to flourish and reproduce while others are less likely to survive

Question 14

Fossils

Answer 14

Provide evidence of evolutionary change in a series of related organisms. The fossil
Record often reveals transitional forms that link
Past ancestors to modern species

Question 15

Biogeography

Answer 15

Provides information on the geographic distribution of related species. When species are isolated they often evolve into new species

Question 16

Selective breeding

Answer 16

Selecting and breeding of organisms having desired traits in a human driven form of selection

Question 17

Convergent evolution

Answer 17

Independent adaptations result in similar characteristics called analogous structures because different species occupy similar environments

Question 18

Homologies

Answer 18

Similarities that occur due to descent from a common ancestor

Question 19

Vestigial structures

Answer 19

Structures that were functional in an ancestor but no longer have a useful function in modern species

Question 20

Orthologs

Answer 20

Homologous genes in different species that have accumulated mutations over time

Question 21

Paralogs

Answer 21

Homologous genes in the same species that are produced by gene duplication events

Question 22

Horizontal gene transfer

Answer 22

Genetic material is transferred from one organism to another that are not its offspring

Question 23

Lamarck believed that….

Answer 23

Living things evolved in an upward direction and that behavioral changes modified heritable traits

Question 24

WHAT scientist influenced darwins views on nature of population growth?

Answer 24

Malthus

Question 25

Adaptation

Answer 25

Evolutionary change in which a population of organisms changed its characteristics over many generations in ways that make it better suited to its environment

Question 26

Natural selection

Answer 26

Process that eliminates those individuals that are less likely to survive and reproduce in a particular encironment and allows other individuals with traits that have higher reproductive success to increase

Question 27

Adaptive radiation

Answer 27

Process where a single ancestral species evolves into a wide array of descendent species that differ greatly in their habitat, form, or behavior

Question 28

Analogous structures

Answer 28

Structure that is result of convergent evolution. these structures have arisen independently two or more times Bc species have occupied similar types of environments on earth

Question 29

Evolutionary fitness

Answer 29

The ability to survive and reproduce

Question 30

Cambrian explosion

Answer 30

An event that occurred in which there was an abrupt increase in the diversity of animal species

Question 31

Mass extinction

Answer 31

When many species become extinct at same time

Question 32

Mutation

Answer 32

Heritable change in genetic material of an organism

Question 33

Reproductive success

Answer 33

The likelihood of contributing fertile offspring to the next generation

Question 34

RNA world

Answer 34

Hypothetical period on primitive earth when both the information needed for life and the enzymatic activity of living cells were contained solely in RNA molecules

Question 35

Trait

Answer 35

An identifiable characteristic; usually refers to a variant

Question 36

Transitional form

Answer 36

An organism that provides a link between earlier and later forms of evolution

Question 37

Two main components of darwins ideas on evolution

Answer 37

Variation and natural selection

Question 38

Sexual selection.

Answer 38

Members of one Sex choose mates of the other Sex to mate with and compete with members of same sex to get members of the opposite sex

Question 39

Example of homologous structure

Answer 39

Same set of bones found in human arm, turtle arm, bat wing | The forearm

Question 40

Examples of vestigial structures

Answer 40

The bony tail in embryo and muscles to wiggle ears

Question 41

Difference between species and population

Answer 41

Species is defined as group of organisms with distinctive form but population is all organisms that belong to same species and live in Same geographical area and can interbreed

Question 42

Homologous structures

Answer 42

Body parts that are alike because the species in question share a common ancestor. These structures may serve the same or different functions

Question 43

Analogous structures

Answer 43

Structures of different species having similar or corresponding function but not from the same evolutionary origin. Like wings for flying in insects and birds

Question 44

Amino-acyl tRNA synthetase

Answer 44

The enzyme that covalently attaches the amino acid to the particular tRNA that carries it to the ribosome