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Biol 2002 1st Quiz > Chapter 3 Bio And 22.1 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Bio And 22.1 Flashcards

1
Q

Macromolecule

A

Lipids and large complex compounds

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2
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

C-H BOND

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3
Q

Functional group

A

Groups of atoms with characteristic chemical structures and properties

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4
Q

Amino group

A

NH2

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5
Q

Carbonyl group

A

CO

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6
Q

Carbonyl group

A

COOH

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7
Q

Hydroxyl

A

OH

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8
Q

Methyl

A

CH3

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9
Q

Isomer

A

Identical chemical formula but different structure

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10
Q

Structural isomer

A

Contains the same atoms but in different bonding relationships

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11
Q

Stereoisomers

A

Have identical bonding relationships but spatial positioning of their atoms differ

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12
Q

cis stereoisomer

A

The two of whatever bond are on the same side of carbons

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13
Q

Trans stereoisomer

A

When the two hydrogens are on opposite sides of the C-C Bond

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14
Q

Monomer

A

Small molecules that are the building blocks

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15
Q

Polymers

A

A linkage of many monomers, a larger chain of molecules

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16
Q

Condensation reaction

A

Produces a large organic molecule plus a water molecule

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17
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

Removes water from monomer and adds it to growing polymer

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18
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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19
Q

Sugars are commonly….

A

Broken down and used for energy

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20
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Single sugar

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21
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

Involves removal of hydroxyl group from one monosaccharide and hydrogen atom from other TO link two sugar molecules

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22
Q

d vs l glucose

A

The two types of glucose are mirror images of each other (enantiomers)
D glucose is commonly found in living cells
L glucose is rarely found in living cells

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23
Q

Glycogen vs starch:

A

Starch is polysaccharide found in plant cells and glycogen is animal cells

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24
Q

Cellulose vs. chitin

A

Cellulose is a major constituent of plant cell walls

Chitin is tough polysaccharide that forms external skeleton of insects and crustaceans

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25
Q

Glycosaminoglycans

A

Large polysaccharides the play structural role in animals (cartilage, etc).

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26
Q

4 macromolecules of life

A

Carbohydrate, nucleic acid, protein, lipid

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27
Q

Lipids

A

Hydrophobic molecules composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen

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28
Q

Triglycerides

A

Formed by bonding glycerol to 3 fatty acids

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29
Q

Ester bond

A

Molecule of water is removed from hydroxyl group in glycerol and then that links to carboxyl group of fatty acid

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30
Q

Lipids are…

A

Key part of cell membranes and also function as hormones and energy storage

31
Q

Fatty acid

A

Chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms with carboxyl group at one end

32
Q

Phospholipids

A

Similar structure to triglycerides but third hydroxyl group of glycerol is linked to phosphate group instead of fatty acid

33
Q

Amphipathic

A

Having polar and non polar regions

34
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A
  • important for cell membrane structure
  • have polar heads that consist of phospholipid and face the watery environment and non polar regions associate with each other on the interior portion and this is the long chain with the fatty acids
35
Q

Steroids

A

Four fused rings of carbon atoms

-type OF lipid

36
Q

Waxes

A

Type of lipid that is secreted onto surface and provide a barrier to water loss and very non-polar

37
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Afraid of water so non polar

38
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Loving water, very polar

39
Q

Proteins

A

Play critical role in all life processes and composed of carbon hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen
-long chain of polypeptides fhat folds is a protein

40
Q

Amino acid

A
  • differ in their R group (their side chain)

- carbon is linked to amino group, carboxyl group and also has a side chain

41
Q

Peptide bond

A

Links carboxyl group of one amino acid to amino group of another

42
Q

Alpha carbon

A

central carbon in an amino acid

43
Q

Polypeptide

A

When multiple amino acids are joined by peptide bonds

44
Q

Protein

A

Functional unit composed of one or more polypeptides that have been folded and twisted into a precise 3D shape

45
Q

Primary structure of a protein

A

The amino acid sequence

46
Q

Secondary structure

A

The repeating folding pattern of the protein

47
Q

Tertiary structure

A

When the polypeptide folds and refolds upon itself to make a 3D shape
(Interactions between amino side chains)

48
Q

Quaternary structure

A

When proteins consist of more than one polypeptide they have a quaternary structure

49
Q

Alpha helix

A

Polypeptide backbone forms a repeating helical structure that is stabilized by hydrogen bonds

50
Q

Beta pleated sheet

A

Regions of polypeptide backbone lie parallel to each other and the bonds formed make a zigzag or pleated shape

51
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Bonds form between atoms in the polypeptide backbone and between acids in different side chains

52
Q

Ionic bond

A

Bonds form between oppositely charged side chains

53
Q

Hydrophobic effecti

A

Nonpolar amino acids in center of protein avoid contact with water

54
Q

Disulfide bridge

A

Covalent bond forms between cysteine side chains

55
Q

Van der waals forces

A

Attractive forces that occur between atoms that are optimal distances apart

56
Q

Domain

A

Portions within proteins with distinct structures and functions (usually certain binding regions)

57
Q

Ligand

A

A molecule that binds to another usually larger molecule

58
Q

Nucleotide

A

The monomers of nucleic acids

59
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Responsible for storage, expression, and transmission of genetic info

60
Q

Nucleoside

A

Compound commonly found in DNA or RNA consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base linked to a sugar

61
Q

Nucleotide

A

Contains a phosphate group, pentose sugar, and a single or double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms known as a base

62
Q

Purine bases

A

Are adenine and guanine and are double ring

63
Q

Pyrimidine

A

Are cytosine and thymine and are single ring

64
Q

DNA backbone

A

Phosphates and sugar molecules make up backbone

65
Q

Purines bond to pyrimidine

A

A-T AND G-C

66
Q

Sugars in DNA vs RNA

A

In RNA the sugar is ribose and in DNA the sugar is deoxyribose

67
Q

What base replaces T in RNA?

A

U-uracil

68
Q

Ribonuclease

A

Enzyme that speeds up the breaking down of RNA into smaller components

69
Q

Antiparallel structure

A

Refers to the fact that DNA two strands run in opposite directions so if one is going 5’ to 3’ direction then the other will go the opposite way

70
Q

Phosphodiester bond

A

Make up the backbone of DNA

71
Q

What are saturated fats at room

Temp?

A

Solids

72
Q

Saturated fats…

A

Just have single bonds

73
Q

What are DNA and RNA functions?

A

RNA molecules are involved in deciding information in DNA into instructions for linking amino acids in a specific sequence to form a polypeptide

Biol 2002 1st Quiz (13 decks)

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