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Biol 2002 1st Quiz > Chapter 12:gene expression At Molecular Level > Flashcards

Chapter 12:gene expression At Molecular Level Flashcards

1
Q

Gene

A

Organized unit of DNA sequences that enables segment of DNA to be transcribed into RNA and ultimately results in formation of a functional product

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2
Q

Mutations

A

Changes in genetic material that can be inherited

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3
Q

Inborn error of metabolism

A

Error that refers to a mutation in a gene that is inherited from one or both parents

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4
Q

One gene/one enzyme hypothesis

A

Single gene controlled the synthesis of a single enzyme

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5
Q

Transcription

A

Produces an RNA copy of a gene, called an RNA transcript

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6
Q

Structural genes

A

Produce an RNA molecule that contains the information to specify a polypeptide

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7
Q

MRNA

A

the messenger RNA that carries information from the DNA to cellular components called ribosomes

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8
Q

Translation

A

Process of synthesizing a specific polypeptide from an mRNA template on a ribosome

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9
Q

Central dogma

A

DNA To RNA to polypeptide

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10
Q

RNA modification

A

The RNA transcript is modified in ways that make it functionally active mRNA

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11
Q

Where do transcription and translation occur in eukaryotes?

A

Transcription occurs in the nucleus and then the mRNA exits the nucleus and translation occurs in the cytosol

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12
Q

Transfer RNA

A
  • product of non structural genes

- translates the language of mRNA into that of amino acids

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13
Q

Ribosomal RNA

A
  • product of nonstructural genes

- forms pet of ribosomes which provide site where translation occurs

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14
Q

Promoter region

A

Sequence of DNA that controls when and where transcription will begin

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15
Q

Terminator

A

Specifies end of transcription

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16
Q

3 stages of transcription

A

Initiation, elongation, and termination

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17
Q

Initiation

A

The recognition of the promoter region to start the process

-initiation is over when DNA strands are separated near promoter

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18
Q

RNA polymerase

A

Enzyme that synthesizes strands of RNA

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19
Q

Elongation step of transcription

A

RNA polymerase synthesized the RNA transcript

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20
Q

Template strand of DNA

A

DNA that is used as template to make RNA

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21
Q

Coding strand of DNA

A

Opposite DNA strand that will ultimately resemble the produced rna

22
Q

Termination step of transcription

A

RNA polymerase reaches a terminator and the newly made rna transcript dissociates from the DNA strand

23
Q

Template strand is read in…

A

3’ to 5’ direction

24
Q

Transcription factors

A

Proteins that influence the ability of RNA polymerase to transcribe genes

25
Q

Exons

A

The expressed regions of the pre mRNA that are connected together during splicing

26
Q

Introns

A

These are non coding parts of the pre-MRNA that intervene and do not code for a protein

27
Q

RNA splicing

A

Introns are removed and remaining expand are connected to each other

28
Q

5’ cap

A

Pre mRNA receives a 5’ cap of guanine that helps prevent degradation and helps it bind to a ribosome in cytosol

29
Q

Poly A tail

A

Added to the 3’ end and is not included in gene sequence but is added enzymatically
-long poly A tail aids in export of mRNA and causes it to be more stable

30
Q

Sliceosomes

A

How introns are removed and they consist of different snRNPS that splice at 5’ splice and 3’ splice and help move exons closer together

31
Q

Alternative splicing

A

Splicing can occur in multiple ways and this allows a single gene to encode two or more polypeptides with differences in amino acid sequences

32
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

Series of chemical reactions occuring within a cell. These reactions are catalyzed by enzymes, where the product of one enzyme acts as the substrate for the next

33
Q

Phosphodiester bonds

A

Make up the backbone of the strands of nucleic acids

34
Q

Structural gene

A

Gene that encodes for any rna or protein product other than a regulatory factor

35
Q

Sigma factor

A

Protein needed only for initiation of RNA synthesis (bacterial transcription initiation factor)

36
Q

Genetic code

A

Set of rules by which information encoded within genetic material is translated into proteins by living cells

37
Q

In bacteria where do transcription and translation occur?

A

In the cytoplasm

38
Q

Regulatory proteins

A

To influence the rate of transcription

39
Q

Pre-initiation complex

A

Transcription factors and rna polyermase assemble into preinitiation complex at the promoter

40
Q

Transcription factors

A

Proteins that influence the ability of rna polymerase to transcribe genes

41
Q

Start codon

A

A codon that specifies the first amino acid in a polypeptide sequence

42
Q

Coding sequence of mRNA

A

A series of codons from the start codon to the stop codon that determine the sequence of amino acids of a polypeptide

43
Q

N terminus

A

The first amino acid is said to be at the amino end

44
Q

C terminus

A

The last amino acid is said to be located at the carboxyl end

45
Q

tRNA

A

A molecule with two functional sites: one site termed the anticodon binds to a codon in mRNA and the second site is where an appropriate amino acid is attached

46
Q

Initiation in translation

A

mRNA, tRNA, and the ribsomal subunits form a complex

47
Q

Elongation in translation

A

Ribosome travels in the 5’ to 3’ direction and synthesizes a polypeptide

48
Q

Termination in translation

A

The ribosome reaches a stop codon, and all of the components disassemble, releasing a completed polypeptide

49
Q

How many codons are there?

A

64

50
Q

First amino acid in every sequence…

A

Methionine

Biol 2002 1st Quiz (13 decks)

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