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MBIO 3010 > Section 9 > Flashcards

Section 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Define epidemiology

A

Occurrence, spread, and control of diseases

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2
Q

Epidemiology is concerned with ____ rather than _____

A

Populations, individuals

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3
Q

Define infection

A

Presence of a infectious organism in an individual or population

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4
Q

Define disease

A

Detectable clinical consequence of infection

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5
Q

Define incubation time

A

Time interval between exposure to infection and appearance of disease

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6
Q

What does a longer incubation time mean?

A

Infection is harder to control because infected individual can spread it to more people unknowingly

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7
Q

Define infectious

A

Infected person capable of transmitting infection to others

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8
Q

What does infectiousness depend on?

A
  • Infectious agent
  • Environment
  • Characteristics of the individuals in the population
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9
Q

Define transmission

A

Spread of infection

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10
Q

Define symptoms

A

What the patient feels

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11
Q

Are symptoms subjective or objective?

A

Subjective

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12
Q

Are signs subjective or objective?

A

Objective

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13
Q

How can signs be measured?

A

Through direct observation

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14
Q

Define prevalence

A

Number of existing cases in a population at a given point in time

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15
Q

Define incidence

A

Number of new cases occurring in a population during a specific time period

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16
Q

Define communicable

A

Spread from one individual to another

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17
Q

Give an example of direct and indirect spread

A
  • Direct = touch

- Indirect = vector

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18
Q

Define contagious

A

Easily spread

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19
Q

Define non-communicable

A

Not spread through individuals

20
Q

What occurs in the incubation period?

A
  • Cells are multiplying/dividing

- Person is capable of spreading the pathogen

21
Q

In which periods are we most concerned about spread of infections?

A

Latent, infectious, incubation, and symptomatic

22
Q

Define endemic

A

Stays at low level and reappears every year

23
Q

What is an example of an endemic in Canada?

A

Pertussis

24
Q

Define sporadic

A

Disease becomes present that is not normally found in an area

25
Q

What is an example of a sporadic disease in Canada?

A

Cholera

26
Q

Define pandemic

A

Epidemic that spreads over at least 2 continents

27
Q

What is an example of a pandemic?

A

Zika, ebola

28
Q

Define acute disease

A

Rapidly developing with a short duration

29
Q

What is an example of an acute disease?

A

Influenza

30
Q

Define chronic disease

A

Slow to develop with continual duration

31
Q

What is an example of a chronic disease?

A

Tuberculosis

32
Q

What do cross-sectional studies measure?

A

The frequency of an outcome and/or exposure in a defined population at a particular point in time

33
Q

Is exposure or outcome determined first in a cross-sectional study?

A

Determined at the same time

34
Q

What is the problem with cross-sectional studies?

A

Don’t know if the exposure preceded the outcome

35
Q

What does with exposure, without outcome mean?

A

Person is exposed to the pathogen but doesn’t show signs and symptoms

36
Q

What happens in a case-control study?

A

Cases (with the outcome) and controls (without the outcome) are identified and their exposure status is determined

37
Q

What happens in a cohort study?

A

Individuals with and without exposure are identified and followed until they develop the outcome or until the study ends

38
Q

What evidence does a cohort study provide?

A

That an association between disease and exposure is causal

39
Q

Which 2 viruses cause Kaposi sarcoma?

A

HHV and HIV

40
Q

Is a cohort study done over a short or a long period of time?

A

Long

41
Q

What is the problem with cohort studies?

A

Control of outside sources

42
Q

What happens in intervention studies?

A

Individuals are allocated an intervention and are followed until they develop the outcome or until the study ends

43
Q

What are double-blinded trials?

A

When neither the investigator nor participant knows who receives the active intervention and who receives the placebo

44
Q

What is one challenge with widespread outbreaks?

A

Hard to determine origin

45
Q

Define epidemic

A

A disease grows in numbers in a widespread area (numbers are much higher than normal)

MBIO 3010 (17 decks)

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