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MBIO 3010 > Section 14 - STIs > Flashcards

Section 14 - STIs Flashcards

1
Q

Why are STIs called infections and not diseases?

A

Disease means that a carrier won’t have symptoms, so infection is a more inclusive term

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2
Q

What is the cause of syphilis?

A

Treponema pallidum pallidum

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3
Q

How is Treponema pallidum pallidum transmitted?

A
  • Invasion of mucosal surfaces

- Can enter the body through a minute abrasion on the skin or mucous membrane

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4
Q

Does syphilis have more cases in males or females and why?

A

Males because many cases in females are asymptomatic

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5
Q

What is the incubation of T. pallidum?

A

1-90 days

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6
Q

What are the 3 phases of syphilis?

A

1) Primary
2) Secondary
3) Tertiary

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7
Q

What occurs in the primary phase of syphilis?

A
  • Skin lesions at site of inoculation
  • Usually painless and heal spontaneously
  • Highly infectious
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8
Q

What occurs in the secondary phase of syphilis?

A
  • Skin lesions on trunk, palms, soles of feet

- Lesion fluid highly infectious

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9
Q

When does the secondary phase of syphilis usually occur?

A

2-12 weeks after infection

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10
Q

What occurs in the latent phase of syphilis?

A
  • Asymptomatic

- Antibodies present

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11
Q

What are the 3 possible outcomes of the latent phase in untreated syphilis patients?

A

1) Relapse
2) No relapse
3) Tertiary phase

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12
Q

What occurs in the tertiary phase of syphilis?

A
  • Neurologic and cardiovascular symptoms

- May have gummas (nonspecific granulomatous lesions)

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13
Q

When does the tertiary phase usually occur?

A

If it occurs at all, it is a long time after initial infection

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14
Q

What can happen 3-12 weeks after syphilis infection?

A

Symptoms can disappear in no medical attention

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15
Q

What is congenital syphilis?

A
  • Newborns acquire it from mothers with untreated/improperly treated syphilis
  • Signs of secondary syphilis at birth
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16
Q

How can congenital syphilis be prevented?

A

If women are screened in early pregnancy and treated with penicillin

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17
Q

How is syphilis diagnosed?

A
  • Dark field or fluorescent microscopy

- Serodiagnosis

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18
Q

What does it mean if a primary serodiagnosis test for syphilis is negative?

A

Patient is not infecte

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19
Q

What does it mean if a primary serodiagnosis test for syphilis is positive?

A

A secondary test using treponemal antibodies must be carried out

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20
Q

What are 2 examples of nontreponemal antibody tests?

A
  • Venereal disease research laboratory test (VDRL)

- Rapid plasma reagin test (RPR)

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21
Q

Can nontreponemal antibody tests give false positives?

A

Yes, so all positive results should be confirmed by a test with treponemal antibodies

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22
Q

What are 2 examples of treponemal antibody tests?

A
  • Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS)

- Agglutination tests

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23
Q

What are 2 examples of agglutination tests?

A
  • Microhemagglutination test (MHA-TP)

- Treponema pallidum particle agglutination test (TP-PA)

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24
Q

What is the treatment for syphilis?

A

Penicillin or doxycycline (protein synthesis inhibitors)

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25
Q

How can secondary and tertiary syphilis be prevented?

A

Early diagnosis and treatment

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26
Q

What is the gram status and morphology of neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A

Gram negative diplococci

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27
Q

What is the only host of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A

Humans

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28
Q

What is the chance of infection for women after one encounter with Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A

50%

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29
Q

What is the chance of infection for men after one encounter with Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A

20%

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30
Q

What can Neisseria gonorrhoeae cause in newborns?

A

Ophthalmia neonatorum (infection in the eyes)

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31
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a capnophile, what does that mean?

A

It requires CO2 for proper growth, so it grows best at 10% oxygen concentration

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32
Q

In what type of environment does Neisseria gonorrhoeae flourish?

A

Humid environments

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33
Q

What are the virulence factors of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A
  • Pili
  • Por proteins
  • Opa proteins
  • Lipoligosaccharide
  • Rmp proteins
  • IgA protease
  • Capsule
34
Q

What do pilus do?

A

Aid in attachment to human mucosal epithelium

35
Q

What contributes to antigenic diversity in gonococci?

A

The constant and hypervariable regions of pilus

36
Q

What do por proteins do?

A

Form pores through outer membranes

37
Q

What causes serotypes of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A

Por proteins

38
Q

What do opa proteins do?

A

Assist in binding to epithelial cells

39
Q

What is lipoligosaccharide?

A

An endotoxin

40
Q

What do Rmp proteins do?

A

Inhibit “cidal” activity of serum

41
Q

What does IgA protease do?

A

Contains an enzyme that destroys IgA1

42
Q

Why is a capsule important?

A

Resists phagocytosis

43
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhea in females?

A
  • Generally asymptomatic

- If there are symptoms, will develop in 2-7 days (vaginal discharge)

44
Q

What are complications of untreated gonorrhea in females?

A
  • PID
  • Chronic pelvic pain
  • Infertility
45
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhea in males?

A
  • Urethral discharge

- Dysuria

46
Q

What are some other conditions that can occur with gonorrhea?

A
  • Anorectal, pharyngeal, or ophthalmic infections

- Ophthalmia neonatorum in newborns

47
Q

How is gonorrhea diagnosed?

A
  • Direct gram stain for symptomatic males

- Culture for women because their normal flora contains gram negative coccobacilli

48
Q

What type of specimen is used for a gram stain for gonorrhea?

A

Urethral discharge

49
Q

What is the treatment for gonorrhea?

A

Antibiotics

50
Q

Do you get lifelong immunity after being infected with gonorrhea?

A

No

51
Q

What is the cause of chlamydia?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

52
Q

What are the different serotypes of chlamydia trachomatis and what diseases do they cause??

A
  • L1, L2, and L3 cause STIs and ocular and respiratory infections
  • A, B, and C cause trachoma (eye infection)
53
Q

Can chlamydia trachomatis be grown on artificial media?

A

No

54
Q

What is the life cycle of chlamydia trachomatis?

A
  • Enters epithelial cell
  • Forms reticulate/initial body
  • Replicated by binary fission
  • Inclusions
  • Elementary bodies
  • Release from cell
  • Infectious cycle
55
Q

What is the purpose of elementary bodies?

A

Adapted for extracellular survival and for initiation of infection

56
Q

What is the purpose of reticulate bodies?

A

Adapted for intracellular multiplication

57
Q

How is chlamydia diagnosed?

A
  • Presumptive diagnosis based on symptoms

- Definitive diagnosis with culture and identification of inclusion bodies or a combination of 2 non-culture methods

58
Q

What is the most common cause of vaginal candidiasis?

A

C. albicans

59
Q

What are symptoms of vaginal candidiasis?

A

Itching, erythema, discharge (nil to thick)

60
Q

What is the cause of trichomoniasis?

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

61
Q

What are the symptoms of trichomoniasis?

A
  • Profuse, offensive, yellow-green discharge

- Can be asymptomatic

62
Q

What is the treatment for trichomonoiasis?

A

Metronidazole

63
Q

How is HSV-1 transmitted?

A

Through saliva

64
Q

What conclusion can be made about every person with a cold sore?

A

They are positive for HSV-1

65
Q

How is HSV-2 transmitted?

A

Venereal route

66
Q

If someone is infected with HSV-1 will they be immune to HSV-2?

A

Nah

67
Q

What are the symptoms of genital herpes?

A
  • Primary lesions on penis/vulva 3-7 days after infection
  • Lesions break down to form painful ulcers
  • Swollen lymph nodes, fever, headache, malaise
68
Q

What are some complications that can occur from genital herpes?

A
  • Virus from lesion can enter sensory nerve endings and become a latent infection in DRG neurons
  • Reactivation can cause recurrent lesions
69
Q

What can be happen if a mother infected with HSV passes it along to her newborn child?

A
  • Neonatal disseminated herpes

- Encephalitis

70
Q

How are genital herpes diagnosed?

A
  • Virus DNA in vesicle fluid or ulcer swab

- Immunofluorescence

71
Q

What is the treatment for genital herpes?

A
  • Antivirals

- Recurrent infections are treated with 6-12 months of low dose antivirals

72
Q

What is the key symptom of HPV?

A

Papillomas/warts on penis, vulva, and perineal regions

73
Q

What can HPV infection lead to?

A

Cervical cancer

74
Q

How is HPV infection diagnosed?

A
  • Cytology sections (Pap smears for koilocytes)

- Nucleic acid detection using PCR

75
Q

What type of vaccine is available against HPV?

A

Quadrivalent

76
Q

What are the 3 groups of HIV-1?

A
  • M (main)
  • N (new)
  • O (outlier)
77
Q

What type of cell does HIV infect?

A

Cells with CD4 surface markers (Th cells)

78
Q

How do HIV cells gain entry?

A

Viral gp120 envelope glycoprotein binds to CD4 receptor

79
Q

What is the treatment for HIV?

A

HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy)

80
Q

What is the drawback to HAART treatment?

A
  • Mitochondrial toxicity and altered fat distribution
  • HIV inhabits CSF and GI tract, which drugs cannot reach
  • Resistance
81
Q

How is HIV diagnosed?

A
  • Serological (HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies)
  • Molecular analysis to detect HIV-1 RNA or proviral DNA
  • Measuring load of HIV-1 RNA

MBIO 3010 (17 decks)

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