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MBIO 3010 > Section 1 > Flashcards

Section 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 sections of the immune system?

A

1) Innate

2) Adaptive

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2
Q

Which immune system are we born with?

A

Innate

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3
Q

Which immune system is acquired?

A

Adaptive

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4
Q

What is an example of the innate immune system at work?

A

Tears when something gets in your eye

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5
Q

What is an example of the adaptive immune system?

A

Chicken pox - once you get it, you never get it again

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6
Q

What is the first thing an infectious agent encounters in the body?

A

Innate immune system

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7
Q

What happens if the innate immune system cannot prevent disease?

A

Adaptive immune system is activated to produce recovery and memory

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8
Q

What happens if re-infection of the same agent occurs?

A

No disease results because the individual has acquired immunity against that agent

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9
Q

Define infection

A

Presence of a foreign pathogen in the body

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10
Q

Does infection = disease?

A

No

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11
Q

What part of the immune system is skin a part of?

A

Innate

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12
Q

What are the soluble factors found in the innate immune system?

A

Lysozyme, complement proteins, and acute phase proteins

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13
Q

What is an example of an acute phase protein found in the innate immune system?

A

C-reactive proteins

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14
Q

What are the soluble factors found in the adaptive immune system?

A

Antibody

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15
Q

What are main cells in the innate immune system?

A

Phagocytes and natural killer cells

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16
Q

What are main cells in the adaptive immune system?

A

T lymphocytes

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17
Q

Does the response stay the same or increase in the innate immune system?

A

Stays the same

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18
Q

Does the response stay the same or increase in the adaptive immune system?

A

Increases with each subsequent exposure to the same agent

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19
Q

Which immune system is specific and what does this mean?

A
  • Adaptive

- Response changes for each pathogen

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20
Q

Most bodily secretions contain _______

A

Lysozyme

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21
Q

What is the function of C-reactive proteins?

A

Act as a signal for immune system to attack something by coating bacterial cells

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22
Q

Do soluble factors increase or decrease in response to infections?

A

Increase

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23
Q

What can soluble factors be used as?

A

Diagnostic tools

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24
Q

What are examples of biochemical defences against entry into the body?

A
  • Lysozyme
  • Sebaceous gland secretions
  • Commensal organisms in gut and vagina
  • Spermine in semen
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25
Q

What are examples of chemical and physical defences against entry into the body?

A
  • Mucus
  • Cilia lining trachea
  • Acid in stomach
  • Skin
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26
Q

What do sebaceous glands secrete?

A

Fatty acids that have anti-microbial properties

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27
Q

What can survive in the low pH of the stomach?

A

Spores

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28
Q

Which type of immunity is always present?

A

Innate

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29
Q

What are the 2 main mechanisms of innate immunity?

A

1) Limit entry

2) Limit growth

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30
Q

How does the innate immune system limit entry through the skin?

A
  • Low pH means it is impermeable to the majority of infectious agents
  • Hostile environment for many bacteria (lactic acid and fatty acids)
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31
Q

What would a loss of skin cause?

A

Serious infections

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32
Q

How do cilia limit entry?

A

Moving extremely fast to prevent bacteria from binding to cell surface

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33
Q

What is the importance of the flushing action of membranes?

A

Tears/saliva/urine protect and clean epithelial surface, preventing pathogens from binding to the surface

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34
Q

What is the antimicrobial compound found in gastric juice?

A

Acid

35
Q

What are the antimicrobial compounds found in semen?

A

Spermine and zinc

36
Q

What is the antimicrobial compound found in milk?

A

Lactoperoxidase

37
Q

What is the antimicrobial compound found in nasal secretions, tears, & saliva?

A

Lysozyme

38
Q

Define normal flora

A

Bacteria and fungi that are permanent residents on bodily surfaces

39
Q

What is the function of normal flora?

A

Suppress growth of pathogens through competition of nutrients, providing a protective layer, and producing inhibitory compounds

40
Q

How does the innate immune system limit growth?

A

Phagocytosis and producing soluble chemical factors

41
Q

What are the common phagocytes in the innate immune system?

A

Macrophages and polymorphs

42
Q

Describe the maturation of macrophages

A
  • Begin as promonocytes in bone marrow
  • Then become circulating blood monocytes
  • Finally become mature macrophages
43
Q

Where are macrophages concentrated?

A

In lung, liver, and lining of lymph nodes

44
Q

What is important about the placement of macrophages?

A

Strategically placed to filter off foreign material

45
Q

What are polymorphs?

A

Dominant white blood cell in bloodstream

46
Q

Do polymorphs have a mitochondria?

A

No

47
Q

Polymorphs have a _______ cytoplasm

A

Granular

48
Q

What is found on a microbe that assists phagocytosis?

A

PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns)

49
Q

What is found on the phagocyte that assists phagocytosis?

A

PRRs (pathogen-recognition receptors)

50
Q

How does a phagocyte recognize a pathogen?

A

By its PAMP

51
Q

How can pathogens resist phagocytosis?

A
  • Hiding inside a cell so the phagocyte doesn’t recognize it

- Mutation of the PAMP

52
Q

What is found inside a phagocyte?

A

A vacuole that contains anti-microbial chemicals that digest the pathogen

53
Q

What are examples of anti-microbial chemicals found in a phagocyte?

A

Reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, & oxygen-independent molecule

54
Q

What are examples of oxygen-independent chemicals found in a phagocyte?

A
  • Defensins
  • Lysozyme
  • Tumour necrosis factor alpha
  • Hydrolytic enzymes
55
Q

How do antibiotics kill pathogens?

A

Stimulating microbes to produce more oxygen-dependent species

56
Q

Phagocytosis is _____-dependent

A

Contact

57
Q

What do formyl methionyl peptides do?

A

Attract leukocytes through chemotaxis

58
Q

What is the complement system?

A

A cascade in which the product of one reaction is the enzymatic catalyst of the next reaction

59
Q

What is the most abundant and important complement protein?

A

C3

60
Q

What does the complement system activate?

A

Immune system

61
Q

What does C3 activation cause?

A

Production of C3a and C3b

62
Q

What can C3b complex with and what does it form?

A

Factor B to form C3bB

63
Q

What is C3bB acted upon by and what does it form?

A

Enzyme factor D to form C3bBb

64
Q

What is another name for C3bBb?

A

C3 convertase

65
Q

What does C3 convertase do?

A

Catalyzes breakdown of C3

66
Q

What is a disadvantage to soluble C3 convertase?

A

It is unstable and degrades

67
Q

What happens when C3 convertase is in the presence of bacterial surface molecules?

A

It becomes stabilized and can break down C3 more quickly

68
Q

What does C3b act as when it binds to microbial surface?

A

Opsonin – molecule that coats bacterial cell surface

69
Q

What is the product of C5 breakdown?

A

C5a and C5b

70
Q

What happens to C5b in the alternative complement pathway?

A
  • Becomes membrane bound with C6, C7, C8, and C9

- All become inserted into lipid layer of membrane and form membrane attack complex MAC

71
Q

What do C5a and C3a cause in the alternative complement pathway?

A

Mast cell degranulation, which causes release of chemicals

72
Q

What does the release of chemicals in the alternative complement pathway cause?

A
  • Increased vascular/capillary permeability

- Chemotactic attraction of polymorphs to C3b-coated bacteria

73
Q

What does increased vascular/capillary permeability cause in the alternative complement pathway?

A

Flow of fluid and plasma components to site of infection

74
Q

What do polymorphs have a surface receptor for?

A

C3b

75
Q

What is the function of acute phase proteins?

A

Increase concentration in plasma in response to injury and inflammation, so can show when disease began

76
Q

What do acute phase proteins bind to?

A

PAMPs

77
Q

What kind of cells secrete interferons?

A

Infected cells

78
Q

What is the function of interferons?

A

Cause uninfected cells to produce 2 types of enzymes that interfere with virus replication to limit spread

79
Q

What is the function of natural killer cells?

A

Bind to receptors on virus-infected cells causing NK activation and release of granules

80
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

Combat large parasites by releasing basic and cationic proteins to damage the parasite membrane

81
Q

How are eosinophils activated?

A

When they bind to C3b via C3b surface receptors

82
Q

What are the steps of phagocytosis?

A

1) Attachment of microbe to phagocyte surface through recognition of PAMPs and PRRs
2) Phagocyte is activated
3) Many different killing mechanisms are activated

83
Q

What are interferons good at?

A

Recovery from viral infections

84
Q

Do natural killer cells actually destroy cells?

A

No, they are able to differentiate infected cells from healthy cells so that they can be destroyed by other cells

MBIO 3010 (17 decks)

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