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Section 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 sections of the immune system?

A

1) Innate

2) Adaptive

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2
Q

Which immune system are we born with?

A

Innate

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3
Q

Which immune system is acquired?

A

Adaptive

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4
Q

What is an example of the innate immune system at work?

A

Tears when something gets in your eye

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5
Q

What is an example of the adaptive immune system?

A

Chicken pox - once you get it, you never get it again

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6
Q

What is the first thing an infectious agent encounters in the body?

A

Innate immune system

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7
Q

What happens if the innate immune system cannot prevent disease?

A

Adaptive immune system is activated to produce recovery and memory

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8
Q

What happens if re-infection of the same agent occurs?

A

No disease results because the individual has acquired immunity against that agent

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9
Q

Define infection

A

Presence of a foreign pathogen in the body

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10
Q

Does infection = disease?

A

No

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11
Q

What part of the immune system is skin a part of?

A

Innate

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12
Q

What are the soluble factors found in the innate immune system?

A

Lysozyme, complement proteins, and acute phase proteins

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13
Q

What is an example of an acute phase protein found in the innate immune system?

A

C-reactive proteins

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14
Q

What are the soluble factors found in the adaptive immune system?

A

Antibody

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15
Q

What are main cells in the innate immune system?

A

Phagocytes and natural killer cells

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16
Q

What are main cells in the adaptive immune system?

A

T lymphocytes

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17
Q

Does the response stay the same or increase in the innate immune system?

A

Stays the same

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18
Q

Does the response stay the same or increase in the adaptive immune system?

A

Increases with each subsequent exposure to the same agent

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19
Q

Which immune system is specific and what does this mean?

A
  • Adaptive

- Response changes for each pathogen

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20
Q

Most bodily secretions contain _______

A

Lysozyme

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21
Q

What is the function of C-reactive proteins?

A

Act as a signal for immune system to attack something by coating bacterial cells

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22
Q

Do soluble factors increase or decrease in response to infections?

A

Increase

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23
Q

What can soluble factors be used as?

A

Diagnostic tools

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24
Q

What are examples of biochemical defences against entry into the body?

A
  • Lysozyme
  • Sebaceous gland secretions
  • Commensal organisms in gut and vagina
  • Spermine in semen
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25
What are examples of chemical and physical defences against entry into the body?
- Mucus - Cilia lining trachea - Acid in stomach - Skin
26
What do sebaceous glands secrete?
Fatty acids that have anti-microbial properties
27
What can survive in the low pH of the stomach?
Spores
28
Which type of immunity is always present?
Innate
29
What are the 2 main mechanisms of innate immunity?
1) Limit entry | 2) Limit growth
30
How does the innate immune system limit entry through the skin?
- Low pH means it is impermeable to the majority of infectious agents - Hostile environment for many bacteria (lactic acid and fatty acids)
31
What would a loss of skin cause?
Serious infections
32
How do cilia limit entry?
Moving extremely fast to prevent bacteria from binding to cell surface
33
What is the importance of the flushing action of membranes?
Tears/saliva/urine protect and clean epithelial surface, preventing pathogens from binding to the surface
34
What is the antimicrobial compound found in gastric juice?
Acid
35
What are the antimicrobial compounds found in semen?
Spermine and zinc
36
What is the antimicrobial compound found in milk?
Lactoperoxidase
37
What is the antimicrobial compound found in nasal secretions, tears, & saliva?
Lysozyme
38
Define normal flora
Bacteria and fungi that are permanent residents on bodily surfaces
39
What is the function of normal flora?
Suppress growth of pathogens through competition of nutrients, providing a protective layer, and producing inhibitory compounds
40
How does the innate immune system limit growth?
Phagocytosis and producing soluble chemical factors
41
What are the common phagocytes in the innate immune system?
Macrophages and polymorphs
42
Describe the maturation of macrophages
- Begin as promonocytes in bone marrow - Then become circulating blood monocytes - Finally become mature macrophages
43
Where are macrophages concentrated?
In lung, liver, and lining of lymph nodes
44
What is important about the placement of macrophages?
Strategically placed to filter off foreign material
45
What are polymorphs?
Dominant white blood cell in bloodstream
46
Do polymorphs have a mitochondria?
No
47
Polymorphs have a _______ cytoplasm
Granular
48
What is found on a microbe that assists phagocytosis?
PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns)
49
What is found on the phagocyte that assists phagocytosis?
PRRs (pathogen-recognition receptors)
50
How does a phagocyte recognize a pathogen?
By its PAMP
51
How can pathogens resist phagocytosis?
- Hiding inside a cell so the phagocyte doesn't recognize it | - Mutation of the PAMP
52
What is found inside a phagocyte?
A vacuole that contains anti-microbial chemicals that digest the pathogen
53
What are examples of anti-microbial chemicals found in a phagocyte?
Reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, & oxygen-independent molecule
54
What are examples of oxygen-independent chemicals found in a phagocyte?
- Defensins - Lysozyme - Tumour necrosis factor alpha - Hydrolytic enzymes
55
How do antibiotics kill pathogens?
Stimulating microbes to produce more oxygen-dependent species
56
Phagocytosis is _____-dependent
Contact
57
What do formyl methionyl peptides do?
Attract leukocytes through chemotaxis
58
What is the complement system?
A cascade in which the product of one reaction is the enzymatic catalyst of the next reaction
59
What is the most abundant and important complement protein?
C3
60
What does the complement system activate?
Immune system
61
What does C3 activation cause?
Production of C3a and C3b
62
What can C3b complex with and what does it form?
Factor B to form C3bB
63
What is C3bB acted upon by and what does it form?
Enzyme factor D to form C3bBb
64
What is another name for C3bBb?
C3 convertase
65
What does C3 convertase do?
Catalyzes breakdown of C3
66
What is a disadvantage to soluble C3 convertase?
It is unstable and degrades
67
What happens when C3 convertase is in the presence of bacterial surface molecules?
It becomes stabilized and can break down C3 more quickly
68
What does C3b act as when it binds to microbial surface?
Opsonin -- molecule that coats bacterial cell surface
69
What is the product of C5 breakdown?
C5a and C5b
70
What happens to C5b in the alternative complement pathway?
- Becomes membrane bound with C6, C7, C8, and C9 | - All become inserted into lipid layer of membrane and form membrane attack complex MAC
71
What do C5a and C3a cause in the alternative complement pathway?
Mast cell degranulation, which causes release of chemicals
72
What does the release of chemicals in the alternative complement pathway cause?
- Increased vascular/capillary permeability | - Chemotactic attraction of polymorphs to C3b-coated bacteria
73
What does increased vascular/capillary permeability cause in the alternative complement pathway?
Flow of fluid and plasma components to site of infection
74
What do polymorphs have a surface receptor for?
C3b
75
What is the function of acute phase proteins?
Increase concentration in plasma in response to injury and inflammation, so can show when disease began
76
What do acute phase proteins bind to?
PAMPs
77
What kind of cells secrete interferons?
Infected cells
78
What is the function of interferons?
Cause uninfected cells to produce 2 types of enzymes that interfere with virus replication to limit spread
79
What is the function of natural killer cells?
Bind to receptors on virus-infected cells causing NK activation and release of granules
80
What do eosinophils do?
Combat large parasites by releasing basic and cationic proteins to damage the parasite membrane
81
How are eosinophils activated?
When they bind to C3b via C3b surface receptors
82
What are the steps of phagocytosis?
1) Attachment of microbe to phagocyte surface through recognition of PAMPs and PRRs 2) Phagocyte is activated 3) Many different killing mechanisms are activated
83
What are interferons good at?
Recovery from viral infections
84
Do natural killer cells actually destroy cells?
No, they are able to differentiate infected cells from healthy cells so that they can be destroyed by other cells

MBIO 3010 (17 decks)

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