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MBIO 3010 > Section 11 - URTIs > Flashcards

Section 11 - URTIs Flashcards

1
Q

Why are respiratory tract infections very common?

A
  • Very easily spread

- Open to all organisms in the climate

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2
Q

What organs does the upper respiratory tract consist of?

A

Epiglottis, larynx, nasal cavity, and pharynx

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3
Q

What organs does the lower respiratory tract consist of?

A

Trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles

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4
Q

The respiratory tract is a _____

A

Continuum

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5
Q

What is a defence mechanism of the lungs?

A

Rich in macrophages to prevent spread of infection

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6
Q

Rhinovirus prefers _____ temperatures

A

Lower

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7
Q

In which part of the respiratory tract does parainfluenza cause infection?

A

Anywhere

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8
Q

In which part of the respiratory tract does pertussis cause infection and why?

A

Lower respiratory tract because it produces a toxin that inhibits ciliary action

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9
Q

Among gram negative organisms, which causes the most RTI’s and why?

A
  • Pseudomonas

- Resistant to antibiotics

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10
Q

In what type of people is pneumocystis generally found?

A

People with compromised immune systems (ex: AIDS patients)

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11
Q

What should be done after it has been determined that someone has pneumocystis pneumonia?

A

They should be screened for HIV

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12
Q

What are the 2 types of respiratory tract infections?

A

1) Restricted to surface

2) Spread through body

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13
Q

What are some examples of RTI’s that are restricted to the surface?

A

Common cold, influenza, and pertussis

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14
Q

What are some examples of RTI’s that spread through the body?

A

Measles, mumps, rubella, and EBV

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of respiratory invaders?

A

1) Professional invaders

2) Secondary invaders

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16
Q

What do professional invaders do?

A

Infect healthy respiratory tracts

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17
Q

How do professional invaders perform their function?

A
  • Adhere to normal mucosa
  • Interfere with normal mucosa
  • Resist destruction in alveolar macrophages
  • Damage local (mucosal and submucosal) tissues
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18
Q

What do secondary invaders do?

A

Infect when host defences are impaired

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19
Q

When can secondary invaders cause disease in the respiratory tract?

A
  • Initial infection and damage by respiratory virus
  • Impaired local defences
  • Chronic bronchitis
  • Depressed immune responses
  • Depressed resistance
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20
Q

What is the usual cause of death in people with cystic fibrosis?

A

Secondary infections

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21
Q

____ are the most common invaders of the nasopharynx

A

Viruses

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22
Q

Which 2 organisms cause over 50% of colds?

A

Rhinovirus and coronavirus

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23
Q

What causes a runny nose and a white tongue?

A

Damage to cells

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24
Q

What do rhinovirus and coronavirus generally cause?

A

Overgrowth of commensal bacteria

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25
Q

How can colds be transmitted?

A
  • Aerosol

- Virus contaminated hands

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26
Q

How can viruses cause a cold?

A

They have surface molecules that bind them firmly to host cells, so they can’t be washed away in secretions

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27
Q

Why isn’t there a vaccine for colds?

A

Very antigenically diverse

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28
Q

What is another name for acute pharyngitis?

A

Sore throat

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29
Q

What can cause a sore throat?

A
  • Overlying mucosa is infected

- Inflammatory and immune responses in lymphoid tissues

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30
Q

What are the 3 most common viral causes of pharyngitis and tonsillitis?

A
  • Adenovirus
  • Cytomegalovirus
  • Ebstein-Barr virus
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31
Q

What is puss an indication of?

A

A bacterial infection, not viral

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32
Q

What is the largest human herpes virus?

A

Cytomegalovirus

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33
Q

What is the natural host of CMV?

A

Humans

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34
Q

How can CMV be transmitted?

A
  • Saliva
  • Urine
  • Blood
  • Semen
  • Cervical secretions
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35
Q

What part of the body does CMV usually infect?

A

Lymph nodes and spleen

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36
Q

Where in the body is CMV usually found?

A

Epithelial cells in salivary glands, kidney, cervix, and testes

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37
Q

How is a CMV infection controlled?

A

Cell-mediated immunity mechanisms

38
Q

How long does it take for CMV cells to leave the body after an infection?

A

They stay in the body for like and can be reactivated

39
Q

How does CMV evade host immune defences?

A
  • Interferes with transport of MHC-1 molecules to cell surface
  • Induces expression of Tc receptors on cell surface
40
Q

What are the symptoms of a CMV infection in infants and children?

A

None

41
Q

What are the symptoms of a CMV infection in adults?

A

Mild illness

42
Q

What is the vaccine for CMV?

A

None yet

43
Q

What can happen if a woman gets infected with CMV during pregnancy?

A

It can spread through the placenta to the fetus and can mental retardation

44
Q

What is the natural host of EBV?

A

Humans

45
Q

How is EBV transmitted?

A

Exchange of saliva (“kissing disease”)

46
Q

What are the 2 peaks for EBV infections?

A
  • 1-6 years old

- 14-20 years old

47
Q

What is another name for EBV?

A

Mono

48
Q

Where does EBV replicate in the body?

A
  • Epithelial cells

- B-cells

49
Q

What are the symptoms of an EBV infection in young adults?

A
  • Glandular fever 4-7 weeks after initial infection
  • Sore throat
  • Enlargement of lymph nodes
  • Hepatitis
50
Q

What cause the symptoms of an EBV infection?

A
  • Cytokine release

- Polyclonal activation of infected B cells, which causes the production of auto-Abs

51
Q

How is an EBV infection cured?

A

Spontaneous recovery in about 2-3 weeks

52
Q

What is the treatment for EBV infections?

A

Antivirals in immunocompromised patients, but no treatment in healthy individuals

53
Q

What are 2 cancers associated with EBV?

A
  • Burkitt’s lymphoma

- Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

54
Q

Where is Burkitt’s lymphoma most common?

A

Parts of Africa and Papua New Guinea

55
Q

What is the likely co-carcinogen of EBV in Burkitt’s lymphoma?

A

Malaria

56
Q

Where is nasopharyngeal carcinoma most common?

A

China and Southeast Asia

57
Q

What is the likely co-carcinogen of EBV in nasopharyngeal carcinoma?

A

Ingested nitrosamines from preserved fish

58
Q

What are the common causes of bacterial pharyngitis?

A
  • Strep pyogenes
  • Corynebacterium diphtheriae
  • Haemophilus influenzae
  • Borrelia cincentii
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae
59
Q

Which organism is the most important to treat in bacterial pharyngitis?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

60
Q

Where does initial infection of S pyogenes take place and where does it move?

A
  • Initial infection and multiplication in URT

- Spreads to skin to produce rash and to cardiac muscle

61
Q

What are symptoms of S pyogenes infection?

A
  • Sore, red throat
  • Fever
  • Scarlet fever
  • Rheumatic fever
62
Q

What are symptoms of scarlet fever?

A
  • “Sandpapery” rash on neck and chest
  • Red “strawberry” tongue
  • Headache and chills
63
Q

What are symptoms of rheumatic fever?

A
  • Fever, joint pain

- Possible cardiac problems

64
Q

What can S pyogenes cause in the long run?

A
  • Rheumatic heart disease

- Acute glomerunephritis

65
Q

What is parotitis?

A

Inflammation of parotid glands

66
Q

What is the most common disease that causes parotitis?

A

Mumps

67
Q

How is mumps transmitted?

A

Airborne droplets

68
Q

What is the most common symptom of mumps?

A

Swelling of lymph nodes

69
Q

Does one mumps infection provide lifelong immunity?

A

Yes

70
Q

What is the vaccine for mumps?

A

MMR

71
Q

What are some complications with mumps infections?

A
  • Meningitis
  • Encephalitis
  • Pancreatitis
  • Hearing loss
72
Q

What is otitis media?

A

Infection of the middle ear

73
Q

What are common causes of otitis media?

A

Strep pneumoniae and H influenzae

74
Q

What are occasional causes of otitis media?

A

S pyogenes, M catarrhalis, and Staph aureus

75
Q

What age group is most susceptible to otitis media and why?

A

Infants and small children because the auditory tube is open more

76
Q

What are symptoms of otitis media?

A
  • Fever and irritability
  • Ear pain
  • Discharge from ear
77
Q

What is the most important virulence factor in otitis media?

A

Inhibition of ciliary action

78
Q

What is a possible complication of otitis media?

A

Damage to tympanic membrane, which can cause hearing loss

79
Q

What is the empirical therapy for otitis media?

A

If a child gets an ear infection, patients are asked to wait 1 week to see if it subsides; if it doesn’t then antibiotics are given

80
Q

What is otitis externa?

A

Infection of the outer ear

81
Q

Do the same pathogens cause otitis media and otitis externa?

A

No

82
Q

What is the microflora of the external ear canal like?

A

Similar to that of skin

83
Q

What organisms generally cause otitis externa?

A

Organisms that are normally found on the skin

84
Q

What is the treatment for otitis externa?

A

Antibiotic ear drops

85
Q

Which infection has a similar etiology (cause) to otitis media?

A

Acute sinusitis

86
Q

What is a symptom of acute sinusitis?

A

Facial pain

87
Q

What is the easiest way to distinguish a sinus infection from a cold?

A

Someone with a sinus infection will have pain in the upper teeth following an URTI

88
Q

What are some possible complications from acute sinusitis?

A
  • Orbital cellulitis
  • Osteomyelitis
  • Meningitis
  • Brain abscess
89
Q

Which age group is most susceptible to epiglottitis?

A

Young children

90
Q

What is the most common cause of epiglottitis?

A

H influenzae that comes from the nasopharynx

91
Q

What is the treatment for epiglottitis?

A

Antibiotics

92
Q

Is there a vaccine for epiglottitis?

A

Yes, there is a vaccine for H influenzae

MBIO 3010 (17 decks)

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