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MBIO 3010 > Section 11 - URTIs > Flashcards

Section 11 - URTIs Flashcards

1
Q

Why are respiratory tract infections very common?

A
  • Very easily spread

- Open to all organisms in the climate

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2
Q

What organs does the upper respiratory tract consist of?

A

Epiglottis, larynx, nasal cavity, and pharynx

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3
Q

What organs does the lower respiratory tract consist of?

A

Trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles

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4
Q

The respiratory tract is a _____

A

Continuum

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5
Q

What is a defence mechanism of the lungs?

A

Rich in macrophages to prevent spread of infection

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6
Q

Rhinovirus prefers _____ temperatures

A

Lower

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7
Q

In which part of the respiratory tract does parainfluenza cause infection?

A

Anywhere

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8
Q

In which part of the respiratory tract does pertussis cause infection and why?

A

Lower respiratory tract because it produces a toxin that inhibits ciliary action

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9
Q

Among gram negative organisms, which causes the most RTI’s and why?

A
  • Pseudomonas

- Resistant to antibiotics

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10
Q

In what type of people is pneumocystis generally found?

A

People with compromised immune systems (ex: AIDS patients)

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11
Q

What should be done after it has been determined that someone has pneumocystis pneumonia?

A

They should be screened for HIV

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12
Q

What are the 2 types of respiratory tract infections?

A

1) Restricted to surface

2) Spread through body

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13
Q

What are some examples of RTI’s that are restricted to the surface?

A

Common cold, influenza, and pertussis

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14
Q

What are some examples of RTI’s that spread through the body?

A

Measles, mumps, rubella, and EBV

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of respiratory invaders?

A

1) Professional invaders

2) Secondary invaders

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16
Q

What do professional invaders do?

A

Infect healthy respiratory tracts

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17
Q

How do professional invaders perform their function?

A
  • Adhere to normal mucosa
  • Interfere with normal mucosa
  • Resist destruction in alveolar macrophages
  • Damage local (mucosal and submucosal) tissues
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18
Q

What do secondary invaders do?

A

Infect when host defences are impaired

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19
Q

When can secondary invaders cause disease in the respiratory tract?

A
  • Initial infection and damage by respiratory virus
  • Impaired local defences
  • Chronic bronchitis
  • Depressed immune responses
  • Depressed resistance
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20
Q

What is the usual cause of death in people with cystic fibrosis?

A

Secondary infections

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21
Q

____ are the most common invaders of the nasopharynx

A

Viruses

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22
Q

Which 2 organisms cause over 50% of colds?

A

Rhinovirus and coronavirus

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23
Q

What causes a runny nose and a white tongue?

A

Damage to cells

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24
Q

What do rhinovirus and coronavirus generally cause?

A

Overgrowth of commensal bacteria

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25
How can colds be transmitted?
- Aerosol | - Virus contaminated hands
26
How can viruses cause a cold?
They have surface molecules that bind them firmly to host cells, so they can't be washed away in secretions
27
Why isn't there a vaccine for colds?
Very antigenically diverse
28
What is another name for acute pharyngitis?
Sore throat
29
What can cause a sore throat?
- Overlying mucosa is infected | - Inflammatory and immune responses in lymphoid tissues
30
What are the 3 most common viral causes of pharyngitis and tonsillitis?
- Adenovirus - Cytomegalovirus - Ebstein-Barr virus
31
What is puss an indication of?
A bacterial infection, not viral
32
What is the largest human herpes virus?
Cytomegalovirus
33
What is the natural host of CMV?
Humans
34
How can CMV be transmitted?
- Saliva - Urine - Blood - Semen - Cervical secretions
35
What part of the body does CMV usually infect?
Lymph nodes and spleen
36
Where in the body is CMV usually found?
Epithelial cells in salivary glands, kidney, cervix, and testes
37
How is a CMV infection controlled?
Cell-mediated immunity mechanisms
38
How long does it take for CMV cells to leave the body after an infection?
They stay in the body for like and can be reactivated
39
How does CMV evade host immune defences?
- Interferes with transport of MHC-1 molecules to cell surface - Induces expression of Tc receptors on cell surface
40
What are the symptoms of a CMV infection in infants and children?
None
41
What are the symptoms of a CMV infection in adults?
Mild illness
42
What is the vaccine for CMV?
None yet
43
What can happen if a woman gets infected with CMV during pregnancy?
It can spread through the placenta to the fetus and can mental retardation
44
What is the natural host of EBV?
Humans
45
How is EBV transmitted?
Exchange of saliva ("kissing disease")
46
What are the 2 peaks for EBV infections?
- 1-6 years old | - 14-20 years old
47
What is another name for EBV?
Mono
48
Where does EBV replicate in the body?
- Epithelial cells | - B-cells
49
What are the symptoms of an EBV infection in young adults?
- Glandular fever 4-7 weeks after initial infection - Sore throat - Enlargement of lymph nodes - Hepatitis
50
What cause the symptoms of an EBV infection?
- Cytokine release | - Polyclonal activation of infected B cells, which causes the production of auto-Abs
51
How is an EBV infection cured?
Spontaneous recovery in about 2-3 weeks
52
What is the treatment for EBV infections?
Antivirals in immunocompromised patients, but no treatment in healthy individuals
53
What are 2 cancers associated with EBV?
- Burkitt's lymphoma | - Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
54
Where is Burkitt's lymphoma most common?
Parts of Africa and Papua New Guinea
55
What is the likely co-carcinogen of EBV in Burkitt's lymphoma?
Malaria
56
Where is nasopharyngeal carcinoma most common?
China and Southeast Asia
57
What is the likely co-carcinogen of EBV in nasopharyngeal carcinoma?
Ingested nitrosamines from preserved fish
58
What are the common causes of bacterial pharyngitis?
- Strep pyogenes - Corynebacterium diphtheriae - Haemophilus influenzae - Borrelia cincentii - Neisseria gonorrhoeae
59
Which organism is the most important to treat in bacterial pharyngitis?
Streptococcus pyogenes
60
Where does initial infection of S pyogenes take place and where does it move?
- Initial infection and multiplication in URT | - Spreads to skin to produce rash and to cardiac muscle
61
What are symptoms of S pyogenes infection?
- Sore, red throat - Fever - Scarlet fever - Rheumatic fever
62
What are symptoms of scarlet fever?
- "Sandpapery" rash on neck and chest - Red "strawberry" tongue - Headache and chills
63
What are symptoms of rheumatic fever?
- Fever, joint pain | - Possible cardiac problems
64
What can S pyogenes cause in the long run?
- Rheumatic heart disease | - Acute glomerunephritis
65
What is parotitis?
Inflammation of parotid glands
66
What is the most common disease that causes parotitis?
Mumps
67
How is mumps transmitted?
Airborne droplets
68
What is the most common symptom of mumps?
Swelling of lymph nodes
69
Does one mumps infection provide lifelong immunity?
Yes
70
What is the vaccine for mumps?
MMR
71
What are some complications with mumps infections?
- Meningitis - Encephalitis - Pancreatitis - Hearing loss
72
What is otitis media?
Infection of the middle ear
73
What are common causes of otitis media?
Strep pneumoniae and H influenzae
74
What are occasional causes of otitis media?
S pyogenes, M catarrhalis, and Staph aureus
75
What age group is most susceptible to otitis media and why?
Infants and small children because the auditory tube is open more
76
What are symptoms of otitis media?
- Fever and irritability - Ear pain - Discharge from ear
77
What is the most important virulence factor in otitis media?
Inhibition of ciliary action
78
What is a possible complication of otitis media?
Damage to tympanic membrane, which can cause hearing loss
79
What is the empirical therapy for otitis media?
If a child gets an ear infection, patients are asked to wait 1 week to see if it subsides; if it doesn't then antibiotics are given
80
What is otitis externa?
Infection of the outer ear
81
Do the same pathogens cause otitis media and otitis externa?
No
82
What is the microflora of the external ear canal like?
Similar to that of skin
83
What organisms generally cause otitis externa?
Organisms that are normally found on the skin
84
What is the treatment for otitis externa?
Antibiotic ear drops
85
Which infection has a similar etiology (cause) to otitis media?
Acute sinusitis
86
What is a symptom of acute sinusitis?
Facial pain
87
What is the easiest way to distinguish a sinus infection from a cold?
Someone with a sinus infection will have pain in the upper teeth following an URTI
88
What are some possible complications from acute sinusitis?
- Orbital cellulitis - Osteomyelitis - Meningitis - Brain abscess
89
Which age group is most susceptible to epiglottitis?
Young children
90
What is the most common cause of epiglottitis?
H influenzae that comes from the nasopharynx
91
What is the treatment for epiglottitis?
Antibiotics
92
Is there a vaccine for epiglottitis?
Yes, there is a vaccine for H influenzae

MBIO 3010 (17 decks)

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