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MBIO 3010 > Section 4 > Flashcards

Section 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some ways that a pathogen can gain entry through external host surfaces?

A
  • Skin

- Mucosal lining

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2
Q

What do pathogens need for attachment to a host?

A

Receptor

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3
Q

What receptors does HIV need?

A

CD4 and CCR5

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4
Q

What receptor does EBV need?

A

C3d

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5
Q

Why is the exit strategy of a pathogen very important?

A

In order for the pathogen to survive it needs to leave an infected host and spread to a healthy host

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6
Q

What are some ways that a pathogen can exit a host?

A
  • Body fluid

- Vectors (insects)

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7
Q

What does the skin use as protection against microorganisms?

A
  • Fatty acids
  • Sebaceous gland secretions
  • Compounds secreted by normal flora
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8
Q

Dead skin cells are part of the ____ immune system

A

Innate

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9
Q

How do dead skin cells protect against infection?

A

By adding to the barrier (if an organism attaches to dead skin, it will just fall off later)

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10
Q

Do dead skin cells aid in the replication of a virus?

A

No because a virus needs a live cell

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11
Q

What mechanisms does the conjunctiva use to protect against pathogens?

A
  • Eyelashes

- Tears

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12
Q

What chemicals are found in tears that aid in protection?

A
  • Lysozyme
  • IgA
  • Lactoferrin
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13
Q

What are often the source of conjunctiva infections?

A

Contaminated fingers/towels

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14
Q

How does the respiratory tract avoid infection?

A

Inhaled microorganisms that become entrapped in mucous are carried up to the throat via ciliary escalator and swallowed

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15
Q

How can organisms avoid cleansing by the respiratory tract?

A
  • Attach via adhesins to specific cell-surface receptors on epithelial cells
  • Inhibit ciliary action
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16
Q

What is an example of a pathogen that inhibits ciliary action?

A

Whooping cough

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17
Q

What are ways that a microorganism can cause infection in the respiratory tract?

A
  • Avoid cleansing

- Avoid destruction by alveolar macrophages

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18
Q

What can be deduced when a respiratory tract infection goes away within a week?

A

It is a viral infection

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19
Q

What can be deduced when a respiratory tract infection doesn’t go away by itself and secretions become thick, green mucous?

A

It is a secondary bacterial infection

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20
Q

What are the defences of the oropharynx?

A
  • Flushing action of saliva
  • Chewing and actions of tongue, lips, and cheeks
  • Secretory IgA
  • Lysozyme
  • Leukocytes in saliva and at mucosal surfaces
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21
Q

What does being dehydrated lead to?

A

Decreased saliva, which means bacteria grows faster, which causes bad breath

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22
Q

What do microbes need to attach to in the oropharynx?

A

Mucosa and/or tooth surfaces

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23
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

The physical movement of cells that prevents attachment of microorganisms

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24
Q

How does mucous act as a barrier in the GI tract?

A

Mucous covers the attachment site for a pathogen

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25
Q

_____ are highly resistant to acid

A

Spore formers

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26
Q

The urogenital tract is a ______ tract

A

Continuous

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27
Q

Does the vagina have a cleansing mechanism?

A

No

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28
Q

When does lactobacilli colonization occur?

A

Reproductive years

29
Q

How do lactobacilli act as a defence for the urogenital tract?

A

Lactobacilli use glycogen as a carbon source, and from glycogen they synthesize lactic acid which decreases the pH of urogenital tract, making it very hard for pathogens to survive

30
Q

What is an easy way to test if a woman has a yeast infection?

A

Test pH – if pH is around 6 then the woman has a yeast infection

31
Q

What can cause impaired defences of the urogenital tract?

A

Estrogen imbalance

32
Q

What are the defences of the bladder and urethra?

A
  • Flushing action of urine

- Mucosal layer of bladder that has IgA

33
Q

How can organisms avoid IgA?

A

By inactivating it with proteases

34
Q

How can a microorganism invade the urogenital tract via the urethra?

A

By avoiding the flushing action of urine

35
Q

Organisms that are good at infecting the urogenital tract usually have ____

A

Pilli

36
Q

Are circumcised males more or less prone to urogenital infections?

A

Less

37
Q

How do pathogens exit the body?

A
  • Shed from body surfaces

- Extracted via insects

38
Q

What are the factors that affect transmission?

A
  • Numbers shed
  • Stability in environment
  • Efficiency of infection
39
Q

Will an organism that can produce coughing and sneezing be more or less successful than an organism that produces tears?

A

More

40
Q

What does a pathogen have to have to be stable in the external environment?

A

Resistance to desiccation and thermal inactivation

41
Q

How can fecal-oral transmission be controlled?

A

By providing everyone with clean water and food

42
Q

How can venereal transmission be controlled?

A

By asking people to change their behaviour, which makes it harder to control

43
Q

What does transmission by vector mean?

A

Plague, flea

44
Q

How are pathogens transmitted via the respiratory tract?

A
  • Nasal secretions
  • Sneezing
  • Other sources such as tissues, hands, other surfaces
45
Q

What size of droplets tend to settle?

A

4m

46
Q

What size of droplets get trapped in nasal mucosa?

A

10 uM

47
Q

What size of droplets get suspended in air indefinitely?

A

1-4 uM

48
Q

Are viruses or bacteria transmitted via the respiratory tract and why?

A
  • Viruses

- Bacteria clump together and will be bigger than the normal size of a droplet so people are less likely to get infected

49
Q

What are methods of transmission from the GI tract?

A
  • Fecal-oral

- Contaminated drinking water

50
Q

How are GI diseases spread in resource-rich countries?

A

Food and fingers

51
Q

How are GI diseases spread in resource-poor countries?

A

Water and fleas

52
Q

How are STI’s transmitted?

A
  • Discharge

- Mucosal sores

53
Q

What pathogens are transmitted via mucosal sores?

A

Herpes and HPV

54
Q

What pathogens are transmitted via semen?

A

Cytomegalovirus, HBV, and HIV

55
Q

What are methods of transmission from urogenital tract?

A
  • STI
  • Semen
  • Perinatal
56
Q

What pathogens are transmitted via saliva?

A

Paramyxovirus, HSV, and cytomegalovirus

57
Q

What is the most common transmission through the skin?

A

Direct contact

58
Q

What pathogens are transmitted via needles and transfusion?

A

Hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV

59
Q

What is vertical transmission?

A

When a microorganism is transmitted from one generation to another

60
Q

Is vertical transmission or horizontal transmission faster?

A

Horizontal

61
Q

Does vertical or horizontal transmission affect a larger population?

A

Horizontal

62
Q

What is horizontal transmission?

A

When a microorganism is transmitted through one generation

63
Q

How is transmission from animals acquired in urban areas?

A
  • Eating/drinking infected animal products
  • Contact with domestic pets
  • Occupational
64
Q

What can be contracted from reptiles?

A

Salmonella in their droppings

65
Q

What can be contracted from dogs?

A

Toxocariasis

66
Q

What can be contracted from cats?

A

Toxoplasmosis

67
Q

What are examples of occupational factors that can cause transmission from animals?

A
  • Butchers touching raw meat

- Farmers with livestock

68
Q

What is an example of a motile bacteria that can propel through mucous?

A

E. coli

MBIO 3010 (17 decks)

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