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MBIO 3010 > Section 2 > Flashcards

Section 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of immunity is specific?

A

Adaptive

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2
Q

What kind of immunity has memory?

A

Adaptive

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of adaptive immunity?

A

1) Antibody-mediated

2) Cell-mediated

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4
Q

Define antigen

A

Any molecule that reacts specifically with an antibody or antigen receptor on a lymphocyte

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5
Q

Does an antigen induce an immune response?

A

Not necessarily

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6
Q

Define immunogen

A

An antigen that can induce an immune response

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7
Q

Define antigenic

A

The relative ability of an antigen to elicit an immune response

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8
Q

What is another word for antigenic?

A

Immunogenic

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9
Q

Define epitopes

A

Discreet regions of an antigen that are specifically recognized by adaptive immune system

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10
Q

What is the main immune cell of the body?

A

Antibody

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11
Q

What produces antibodies?

A

B cells

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12
Q

Where do B cells develop?

A

Bone marrow

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13
Q

What do antibodies neutralize?

A

Free-floating particles such as bacteria, toxins, and free viruses

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14
Q

What do B cells do in response to extracellular antigens?

A

Proliferate and differentiate into Y-shaped proteins called antibodies

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15
Q

What does a B cell become if it doesn’t become an antibody?

A

A memory cell

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16
Q

What is special about memory cells?

A

They respond faster when exposed to the same antigen again

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17
Q

What is activated when an antibody binds to an antigen?

A

C1

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18
Q

What does C1 get converted to in the classical complement pathway?

A

C1qrs

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19
Q

What does C1qrs do, and does it do this fast or slow?

A

Splits C4 and C2 very fast

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20
Q

What is formed from the splitting of C4 and C2?

A

C4b2a

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21
Q

What is another name for C4b2a?

A

C3 convertase

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22
Q

What does C3 convertase do in the classical complement pathway?

A

Splits C3 into C3a and C3b

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23
Q

What does C3b do in the classical complement pathway?

A

Binds to microbe-antibody complex and remaining components (C5b, C6, C7, C8, and C9) to form MAC attack

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24
Q

A defect in ____ will mean no complement system at all

A

C3

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25
Q

What are the 2 functional regions of an antibody?

A

Arms and stem

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26
Q

How many arms does an antibody have?

A

2

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27
Q

How many stems does an antibody have?

A

1

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28
Q

What do the arms of an antibody do?

A

Bind to specific antigen

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29
Q

What does the stem of an antibody do?

A

Tags antigen for destruction

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30
Q

How many types of light chains are there and what are they based on?

A

2 types based on amino acid sequence of the constant regions

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31
Q

What are the 2 types of light chains?

A

Gamma and K

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32
Q

Are the light chains identical or different?

A

Identical

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33
Q

How many types of heavy chains are there and what are they based on?

A

5 types based on amino acid sequence of the constant region

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34
Q

What are the 5 types of heavy chains and what antibody type does each correspond with?

A
  • micro = IgM
  • gamma = IgG
  • alpha = IgA
  • delta = IgD
  • epsilon = IgE
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35
Q

What is the most abundant immunoglobin?

A

IgG

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36
Q

What kind of structure does IgG have?

A

Monomeric

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37
Q

How many subclasses of IgG are there and what are they based on?

A

4 subclasses based on amino acid sequence of the C regions of heavy chains

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38
Q

Define opsonization

A

Enhances phagocytosis by acting as a flag for phagocytes when Fab is bound to antigen and Fc is exposed

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39
Q

What are the functions of IgG?

A
  • Opsonization
  • Neutralize viruses & toxins
  • Secondary response
  • Crosses placenta
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40
Q

When is IgM monomeric?

A

When attached to B cell surface as receptor

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41
Q

When is IgM pentameric?

A

In serum

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42
Q

What does pentameric mean?

A

5 monomers held together by J chain

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43
Q

What are the functions of IgM?

A
  • First antibody produced during primary response
  • Activates part of innate defences
  • Agglutinates particular antigens
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44
Q

What happens to IgM levels once IgG levels increase?

A

IgM levels decrease

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45
Q

What is the structure of IgD?

A

Monomeric

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46
Q

What type of chain does IgD contain?

A

Delta

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47
Q

Where is IgD found?

A

In serum and on B cell surface as a receptor

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48
Q

What is the function of IgD?

A

Unknown

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49
Q

What is the primary antibody produced by cells of the mucous membranes?

A

IgA

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50
Q

Where is IgA found?

A

In mucosal secretions

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51
Q

Where is IgA found as a monomer?

A

In serum

52
Q

Where is IgA found as a dimer and why?

A

In solution to resist proteins

53
Q

What are the functions of IgA?

A
  • Prevent bacteria and viruses from attaching to mucous membranes
  • Passive immunity
54
Q

What is the structure of IgE?

A

Monomer

55
Q

What is the function of IgE?

A

Cause allergy symptoms

56
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus

57
Q

Do T cells recognize free antigen?

A

No, antigen must be presented to it by one of body’s own cells

58
Q

What do T cells bind to?

A

Peptide derived from intracellular organisms complexed with MHC

59
Q

What does the T-cell receptor bind to?

A

Complex of MHC molecule and peptide

60
Q

What class of MHC cells do Th1 cells bind to?

A

Class 2

61
Q

What happens when Th1 cells bind to class 2 MHC cells?

A

T-cell releases macrophage activating factors (IFNgamma)

62
Q

What are the 2 major functional types of T cells?

A

1) Cytotoxic T cells

2) Helper T cells

63
Q

What do Tc cells do?

A

Destroy infected or cancerous cells

64
Q

Tc cells have CD_

A

8

65
Q

Th cells have CD_

A

4

66
Q

What class of MHC cells do Tc cells associate with?

A

Class 1

67
Q

What do Th1 cells do?

A

Activate macrophages

68
Q

What do Th2 cells do?

A

Activate B cells

69
Q

What is the best way to identify a cell on the antigen present on its surface?

A

With antibodies

70
Q

What do T lymphocytes do once they are activated?

A

Help macrophages kill parasites

71
Q

What is the role of T lymphocytes after a macrophage engulfs a parasite?

A

T lymphocytes need to give the macrophage another signal for the macrophage to kill what it engulfed

72
Q

What do T lymphocytes inhibit and how?

A
  • Intracellular replication of viruses

- Tc cells recognize class 1 MHC on viral infected cells

73
Q

Describe the process of antibody-dependent cellular toxicity

A
  • Effector cells bind through their surface receptors to antibodies, coating the target cells
  • Effector cells become activated and release material damaging targets (macrophages, eosinophils, NK cells)
74
Q

What is the lymphoid system?

A

A collection of tissues and organs designed to bring B and T cells into contact with foreign antigens

75
Q

Are lymphocytes highly or moderately specific?

A

Highly

76
Q

What is the function of lymphatic vessels?

A

Carry lymph collected from fluid that bathes body tissues

77
Q

Where are lymphatic vessels found & why?

A

All around body so lymphocytes don’t have to go far to find antigens

78
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

Bone marrow and thymus

79
Q

What is the precursor of B and T cells?

A

Hematopoietic stem cells

80
Q

Where do T cells originate?

A

Bone marrow

81
Q

What occurs once lymphocytes are mature?

A

Gather in secondary lymphoid organs waiting to encounter antigen

82
Q

What are examples of secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, adenoids, and appendix

83
Q

What occurs after lymphocytes make contact with an antigen?

A

Proliferate, forming clones of cells specific for that antigen

84
Q

What is the function of mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)?

A

Prevents microbes from invading mucosal surface

85
Q

What is the function of skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT)?

A

Prevents microbes from invading skin

86
Q

What do B cells have on their surface?

A

Immunoglobulin

87
Q

What do T cells have on their surface?

A

T-cell receptors

88
Q

Describe clonal selection

A

Only B cells capable of making the correct antibody will bind to antigen

89
Q

What drives clonal selection and why?

A

Antigen so the body isn’t wasting energy

90
Q

Define clonal expansion

A

Cells that bind antigen begin dividing and produce a population of clones

91
Q

What occur after clonal expansion before activation can occur?

A

Th cells give lymphocytes another signal to activate; this is to prevent immune system from mounting a response against self

92
Q

Do T cells fine-tune themselves upon binding with an antigen?

A

No

93
Q

Do B cells fine-tune themselves upon binding with an antigen?

A

Yes with somatic mutations

94
Q

What is the basis for the principle of vaccination?

A

Memory cells

95
Q

What is a toxoid?

A

A toxin without the portion that can kill a human

96
Q

How do antigens stimulate B cells?

A

With the assistance of Th cells

97
Q

What occurs when Th binds to an antigen on a B-cell surface?

A

Cytokine production occurs to activate B cell, which undergoes clonal expansion

98
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Soluble intercellular communication factors (hormones of immune system)

99
Q

Are cytokines antigen specific?

A

No

100
Q

What is the main function of cytokines?

A

Control of infection and development of pathology

101
Q

What is an interferon?

A

A molecule secreted by virus-infected cells that interferes with viral replication in bystander cells

102
Q

What is important about cytokines that are produced by subsets of lymphocytes?

A

They can suppress the activity of T cells

103
Q

What affect does IL-4 have on Th1 cells?

A

Downregulates them

104
Q

What affect does IFNgamma have on Th2 cells?

A

Suppresses their activity

105
Q

What stimulates the immune system?

A

Antigens

106
Q

What does IgM have a positive feedback on?

A

Formation of antibodies

107
Q

What does IgG have a negative feedback on?

A

Stimulation of B cells

108
Q

What happens to antigens and antibodies once the number of IgG cells increases?

A

Antigen becomes neutralized, so antibodies are no longer needed and they become suppressed

109
Q

Which immunoglobin is most likely to bind to macrophages and polymorphs?

A

IgG

110
Q

Which immunoglobin protects external surfaces?

A

IgA

111
Q

Which immunoglobin initiates inflammation?

A

IgE

112
Q

Which immunoglobin fixes to homologous mast cells and basophils?

A

IgE

113
Q

What is another way that the acute inflammatory response can be initiated without an antibody and an antigen binding?

A

When an antibody binds to a mast cell

114
Q

What happens if there is more than one antibody in the antigen-antibody complex?

A

Antigen-antibody complex will activate phagocytic cells

115
Q

How do antibodies block microbial interactions?

A

By binding with either the receptor or toxin/virus

116
Q

Which MHC class of molecules is more prevalent?

A

MHC class 1

117
Q

Where are MHC class 2 molecules found?

A

Mainly on macrophages and B cells

118
Q

What occurs when a TH1 cell and a class 2 MHC molecule combine?

A

The T cell is triggered to release macrophage activating factors

119
Q

What happens if a microbe makes it past the IgA-coated mucosal surface?

A

The microbe will encounter a mast cell bound to IgE, causing the release of mediators of the acute inflammatory response

120
Q

What are lymphocytes derived from?

A

Stem cells differentiating in primary lymphoid organs

121
Q

What does MALT produce?

A

IgA

122
Q

Does a monoclonal Ab have identical or different Ab molecules?

A

Identical

123
Q

What do B cells have on their surface to recognize antigens?

A

Surface immunoglobin

124
Q

What do T cells have on their surface to recognize antigens?

A

T-cell receptors

125
Q

What must the immune system develop to avoid reaction against the body’s own components?

A
  • Non-reactivity

- Tolerance to self-reactivity

MBIO 3010 (17 decks)

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