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Study notes > section 6 > Flashcards

section 6 Flashcards

1
Q

3 dimensional quantities

A

Repeatability

Temporal extent

Temporal locus

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2
Q

2 Derivative measures

A

Percentage

Trials to criterion

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3
Q

2 definitional measures

A

Topography

Magnitude

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4
Q

3 procedures for measuring behavior

A

Event recording

Timing

Time sampling

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5
Q

Repeatability

A

Aka
Countability

When behavior can be counted

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6
Q

3 types of repeatability

A

Count

Rate (frequency)

Celeration

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7
Q

Celeration

A

Count per unit of time/time

Can accelerate or decelerate

Frequency/time

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8
Q

Temporal

Extent

A

Duration of behavior can be measured

For behaviors that occur for too long a period or too short a period of time

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9
Q

Temporal locus

A

Point in time

Tied to latency and IRT

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10
Q

Latency

A

Response latency

Time between the onset of a stimulus and initiation of response

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11
Q

IRT

A

Inter response time

Amount of time that lapses between 2 consecutive responses

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12
Q

Trials to criterion

A

A measure of the number of response opportunities needed to achieve a predetermined level of performance criteria

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13
Q

Topography

A

Form or shape of the response

Topography does not equal function

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14
Q

Magnitude

A

Aka
Force
Intensity
Severity

Ex. Volume of voice in the library versus crowded mall

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15
Q

Continuous measurement procedure

A

Measurement conducted in a manner such that all instances of the response class of interest are detected during the observation period

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16
Q

Types of continuous measurement

A

Event recording
- rate/frequency, count

Timing
-duration, IRT, latency

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17
Q

Discontinuous measurement procedure

A

Measurement conducted in a manner such that some instances of the response class of interest may not be detected

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18
Q

Types of discontinuous measurement

A

Time sampling
interval recording

Whole interval, partial interval, momentary time sampling

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19
Q

Event recording

A

Methods to record the number of times a response occurs

20
Q

Timing

A

Duration
Response latency
IRT

Use a stopwatch

21
Q

Time sampling

A

Aka
Interval recording
Discontinuous measurement systems

Variety of methods for recording behavior during intervals

Give us an approximations of the actual instances of behavior

22
Q

3 types of time sampling

A

Whole interval
Partial interval
Momentary time sampling

23
Q

Whole interval recording

A

Underestimates the rate of behavior

Not good to use if you want to decrease behavior

Best for when you want to increase (like paying attention to the teacher)

24
Q

Partial interval recording

A

Overestimates the rate of behavior

Best for measuring behaviors you want to decrease

Not good to use when you want to increase behavior

25
Q

Momentary time sampling

A

Over or under estimates or neither

26
Q

Planned activity check

A

Placheck

Variation of momentary time sampling

Example a teacher observes a group of students at the end of each interval and records the total number of students engaged in the targeted activity

27
Q

Permanent product

A

A.k.a. outcome recording

Measuring behavior after it has occurred by measuring the effects of the behavior produced on the environment

Natural or contrived

28
Q

Three indicators of trustworthy measurement

A

Validity
Accuracy
Reliability

29
Q

Validity

A

Directly measuring socially significant target behavior

Ensuring that the data our representative of the behaviors occurrence under conditions during times that are most relevant to the concern about the behavior

30
Q

Validity is threatened by

A

Indirect measurement

Second hand or filtered information

Measuring the wrong dimensions of the target behavior

Measurement artifacts

31
Q

Three causes of measurement artifacts

A

Discontinuous measurement

Poorly scheduled measurement periods

Insensitive and/or limiting measurement scales

32
Q

Measurement artifacts

A

A measurement artifact are data that appear to exist, but only because of the way that they were measured. Discontinuous measurement procedures, especially poorly chosen aspects of it, may result in artifact.

33
Q

Accuracy

A

The extent to which the observed value matches the true value of an event

34
Q

Reliability

A

The extent to which a measurement procedure yields the same value when brought into repeated contact with the same state of nature

Same results repeatedly

35
Q

Threats to measurement accuracy and reliability

A

Human error

Poorly designed measurement systems

Inadequate observer training

Expectations about what the data should look like

36
Q

Observer drift

A

When observers unknowingly alter the way they measure a behavior

The target behavior definitions drift overtime

37
Q

Measurement bias

A

Non-random measurement error

Data that over estimates or underestimates the true value of an event

38
Q

Interobserver agreement

A

Degree to which 2 observers report the same values after measuring the same events

39
Q

Total count IOA

A

Percentage of agreement between the total number of responses recorded by two observers

Smaller #
—————. X 100%
Larger #

40
Q

Mean count per interval IOA

A

Dividing the observation period Into series of smaller counting times

Ex.

Interval. Ob 1. Ob 2.

      1. 2/3. 67%
      1. 100%
      1. 50%

67% +. 100%. +. 50
———————————
Total # of intervals - so 3

217/3=. 72% IOA

41
Q

Exact count per interval IOA

A

The percentage of intervals in which to observers recorded the same count

# of intervals at 100% IOA agreement 
———————————————————- x 100% 
Total number of intervals
42
Q

Trial by trial IOA

A

The agreement between two observers who measure the occurrence or non-occurrence of discrete trial behaviors for which the count for each trial or response opportunity, can only be zero or one Can be calculated by comparing the observers total counts or by comparing their accounts on a trial trial basis

of trials of agreement
—————————————. X 100%
Total # of trials

Trail Ob 1. Ob 2. Agreement
1. 0. 0. Yes
2. 0. 1. No
3. 0. 1. No
4 0. 0. Yes
5. 1. 1. Yes
6. 0. 0. Yes

4/6 x100%. 67%

43
Q

total duration IOA

A

computed by diving the shorter of 2 durations reported by the 2 observers by the longer duration and multp. by 100%

shorter duration
____________ x 100%
longer duration

response ob. 1 ob2.
1 35 29
2 15 21
3 9 7

total 59 57

57/59 x 100% 96%

44
Q

mean duration per occurrence IOA

A

used to calculate duration per occurrence data

response ob. 1 ob2.
1 35 29 29/35 83%
2 15 21 15/21 71%
3 9 7 7/9 78%

83% + 71% + 78%
_______________
# of behavior with duration - so we have 3

232/3 = 77%

45
Q

interval by interval IOA

A

AKA point by point IOA
point by point agreement ratio

# of interval both recorders are in agreement 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_  x100% 
total # of intervals
       1     2    3     4     5     6     7     8     9     10 Ob 1   x     x     x     0     x     x     0     x     x      0  ob 2   0     x    x     0     x     0     0     0    x       0

7 intervals in agreement
2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9 10

7/10 x100% = 70% agreement

46
Q

scored interval IOA

A

both observers scored an occurrence

# of interval both recorders recorded occurrence 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_   x 100% 
# of intervals with at least one recorded occurrence
              1     2    3     4     5     6     7     8     9     10 Ob 1           x     0    x     0     0     0     0     0     0      0  ob 2           0     0    x     0     0     0     0     0    x       0

1/3 x 100% 33%

Only 1 interval both recorded in- which was interval 3

3 intervals had at least one observer mark in - interval 1, 3, and 9

47
Q

unscored interval IOA

A

only considers intervals in which either or both observers recorded a non-occurrence of behavior

# of intervals both recorders recorded non-occurrence
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_   
# of intervals with at least one recorder recorded non occurrence 
              1     2    3     4     5     6     7     8     9     10 Ob 1           x     x     x     0     x     x     0     x     x      0  ob 2           0     x    x     0     x     x     0     x    x       x

2/4 x 100% = 50%

2 interval in agreement are 4 and 7
4 intervals with non-occurrence are 1, 4, 7, 10

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