section 6 Flashcards
3 dimensional quantities
Repeatability
Temporal extent
Temporal locus
2 Derivative measures
Percentage
Trials to criterion
2 definitional measures
Topography
Magnitude
3 procedures for measuring behavior
Event recording
Timing
Time sampling
Repeatability
Aka
Countability
When behavior can be counted
3 types of repeatability
Count
Rate (frequency)
Celeration
Celeration
Count per unit of time/time
Can accelerate or decelerate
Frequency/time
Temporal
Extent
Duration of behavior can be measured
For behaviors that occur for too long a period or too short a period of time
Temporal locus
Point in time
Tied to latency and IRT
Latency
Response latency
Time between the onset of a stimulus and initiation of response
IRT
Inter response time
Amount of time that lapses between 2 consecutive responses
Trials to criterion
A measure of the number of response opportunities needed to achieve a predetermined level of performance criteria
Topography
Form or shape of the response
Topography does not equal function
Magnitude
Aka
Force
Intensity
Severity
Ex. Volume of voice in the library versus crowded mall
Continuous measurement procedure
Measurement conducted in a manner such that all instances of the response class of interest are detected during the observation period
Types of continuous measurement
Event recording
- rate/frequency, count
Timing
-duration, IRT, latency
Discontinuous measurement procedure
Measurement conducted in a manner such that some instances of the response class of interest may not be detected
Types of discontinuous measurement
Time sampling
interval recording
Whole interval, partial interval, momentary time sampling
Event recording
Methods to record the number of times a response occurs
Timing
Duration
Response latency
IRT
Use a stopwatch
Time sampling
Aka
Interval recording
Discontinuous measurement systems
Variety of methods for recording behavior during intervals
Give us an approximations of the actual instances of behavior
3 types of time sampling
Whole interval
Partial interval
Momentary time sampling
Whole interval recording
Underestimates the rate of behavior
Not good to use if you want to decrease behavior
Best for when you want to increase (like paying attention to the teacher)
Partial interval recording
Overestimates the rate of behavior
Best for measuring behaviors you want to decrease
Not good to use when you want to increase behavior
Momentary time sampling
Over or under estimates or neither
Planned activity check
Placheck
Variation of momentary time sampling
Example a teacher observes a group of students at the end of each interval and records the total number of students engaged in the targeted activity
Permanent product
A.k.a. outcome recording
Measuring behavior after it has occurred by measuring the effects of the behavior produced on the environment
Natural or contrived
Three indicators of trustworthy measurement
Validity
Accuracy
Reliability
Validity
Directly measuring socially significant target behavior
Ensuring that the data our representative of the behaviors occurrence under conditions during times that are most relevant to the concern about the behavior
Validity is threatened by
Indirect measurement
Second hand or filtered information
Measuring the wrong dimensions of the target behavior
Measurement artifacts
Three causes of measurement artifacts
Discontinuous measurement
Poorly scheduled measurement periods
Insensitive and/or limiting measurement scales
Measurement artifacts
A measurement artifact are data that appear to exist, but only because of the way that they were measured. Discontinuous measurement procedures, especially poorly chosen aspects of it, may result in artifact.
Accuracy
The extent to which the observed value matches the true value of an event
Reliability
The extent to which a measurement procedure yields the same value when brought into repeated contact with the same state of nature
Same results repeatedly
Threats to measurement accuracy and reliability
Human error
Poorly designed measurement systems
Inadequate observer training
Expectations about what the data should look like
Observer drift
When observers unknowingly alter the way they measure a behavior
The target behavior definitions drift overtime
Measurement bias
Non-random measurement error
Data that over estimates or underestimates the true value of an event
Interobserver agreement
Degree to which 2 observers report the same values after measuring the same events
Total count IOA
Percentage of agreement between the total number of responses recorded by two observers
Smaller #
—————. X 100%
Larger #
Mean count per interval IOA
Dividing the observation period Into series of smaller counting times
Ex.
Interval. Ob 1. Ob 2.
- 2/3. 67%
- 100%
- 50%
67% +. 100%. +. 50
———————————
Total # of intervals - so 3
217/3=. 72% IOA
Exact count per interval IOA
The percentage of intervals in which to observers recorded the same count
# of intervals at 100% IOA agreement ———————————————————- x 100% Total number of intervals
Trial by trial IOA
The agreement between two observers who measure the occurrence or non-occurrence of discrete trial behaviors for which the count for each trial or response opportunity, can only be zero or one Can be calculated by comparing the observers total counts or by comparing their accounts on a trial trial basis
of trials of agreement
—————————————. X 100%
Total # of trials
Trail Ob 1. Ob 2. Agreement
1. 0. 0. Yes
2. 0. 1. No
3. 0. 1. No
4 0. 0. Yes
5. 1. 1. Yes
6. 0. 0. Yes
4/6 x100%. 67%
total duration IOA
computed by diving the shorter of 2 durations reported by the 2 observers by the longer duration and multp. by 100%
shorter duration
____________ x 100%
longer duration
response ob. 1 ob2.
1 35 29
2 15 21
3 9 7
total 59 57
57/59 x 100% 96%
mean duration per occurrence IOA
used to calculate duration per occurrence data
response ob. 1 ob2.
1 35 29 29/35 83%
2 15 21 15/21 71%
3 9 7 7/9 78%
83% + 71% + 78%
_______________
# of behavior with duration - so we have 3
232/3 = 77%
interval by interval IOA
AKA point by point IOA
point by point agreement ratio
# of interval both recorders are in agreement \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ x100% total # of intervals
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ob 1 x x x 0 x x 0 x x 0 ob 2 0 x x 0 x 0 0 0 x 0
7 intervals in agreement
2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9 10
7/10 x100% = 70% agreement
scored interval IOA
both observers scored an occurrence
# of interval both recorders recorded occurrence \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ x 100% # of intervals with at least one recorded occurrence
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ob 1 x 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ob 2 0 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 x 0
1/3 x 100% 33%
Only 1 interval both recorded in- which was interval 3
3 intervals had at least one observer mark in - interval 1, 3, and 9
unscored interval IOA
only considers intervals in which either or both observers recorded a non-occurrence of behavior
# of intervals both recorders recorded non-occurrence \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ # of intervals with at least one recorder recorded non occurrence
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ob 1 x x x 0 x x 0 x x 0 ob 2 0 x x 0 x x 0 x x x
2/4 x 100% = 50%
2 interval in agreement are 4 and 7
4 intervals with non-occurrence are 1, 4, 7, 10
