section 4 Flashcards
4 phases of intervention
A PIE
Assessment
Planning
Implementation
Evaluation
Assessment
Aka- functional behavior assessment
A systematic method for obtaining information about the function challenging behaviors serve for an individual
5 phases of assessment
Screening and general deposition
Defining and quantifying problems or desired achievement criteria
Pinpointing target behaviors to be treated
Monitoring progress
Following up
Indirect measures
Interviews
Checklists
Not as reliable as direct descriptive methods
Should only be used as a supplement to other FBA methods
Starts the hypotheses development process
Direct measures
Preferred choice
Tests
Direct observations
4 ways to acquire information for assessment
COIT
Come on, it’s theory
Checklists
Observation
Interviews
Tests
Anecdotal observation
Aka ABC recording
Basic form of direct observation
Carry out over several days so reactivity effects can decrease
Review records and data when??
At the outset of the case- this is part of indirect data
Rule out what first??
Medical causes for problem behavior- refer them to undergo medial evaluation
Conduct a ??????? in order to if the referral problem??
Preliminary assessment
And ask yourself
Does the individual pose a danger to self or others??
Does the behavior affect the clients well being??
Does the behavior prevent the individual from accessing less restrictive environments in various settings??
How does the behavior compare to same aged typically developing peers??
Explain behavioral concepts using ?????!!!
Non- technical language
Don’t use mentalistic language either
You should collaborate with???
Others who support and/or provide services to ones client
Select intervention strategies based on????
Environmental and resource constraints
Identify and make environmental changes that?????
Reduce the need for behavioral analysis
Change the environment if that causes issues
Ecological assessment
Gathering information about the individual in various settings that they live, work in
Physiological conditions, physical settings. Home environment
Reactivity
Effects of the assessment process - they react to your presence,
You should be unobtrusive as possible
Repeat observations until reactivity effects subside
Take reactivity into account when interpreting your data
Assessing social significance of potential target behaviors
To what extent will the proposed change improve the persons life?
Habilitation
Aka adjustment
Assesses meaningfulness of Change
Short and long term reinforcers are maximized and short and long term punishers are minimized
10 questions you can ask yourself when evaluating the habilitation/social significance of target behavior
Is this behavior likely to produce reinforcement in the clients natural environment after interventions ends
Is this behavior a prerequisite for a more complex functional skill
Will this behavior increase the clients access to environments
Will changing this behavior predispose others to interact with the client in a more supportive manner
Is this behavior a pivotal behavior or a behavior cusp
Is this an age appropriate behavior
If the behavior is reduced/eliminates has a replacement behavior been selected
Does this behavior represent the actual goal or is it indirectly related
Is this just talk or is it real behavior of interest
If the goal itself is not a specific behavior will this behavior help achieve it
Normalization
Aka mainstreaming
Be physically abs socially integrated into mainstream society regardless of the degree or type of disability
Behavior cusps
Behaviors that open a persons world to new contingencies
Example
Reading
Crawling is a cusp because it enables the infant to contact new environments
Pivotal behaviors
A behavior that once learned produces corresponding modifications or covariations in other adaptive untrained behaviors
So critical that once you learn it it will lead to more complex behaviors
Generative learning
Aka derived relations
Enhancing comprehension of new material due to previous learning
4 functions of problem behavior
SEAT
Sensory
Escape
Attention
Tangible
Default technologies
Coercive punishment based interventions often selected arbitrarily
Ex. Go to your room
Functional analysis
Aka FA
Experimental analysis
Analogue assessment
Only FBA method that allows us to confirm hypothesis regarding functional relations between behaviors and environmental events
Antecedents abs consequences are arranged r
So that their separate effects on behavior can be observed
2 types of functional analysis
Extended functional analysis
Brief functional analysis
4 typical original conditions of functional analysis
3 test conditions and 1 control
Contingent attention
Contingent escape
Alone
Control (play condition)
5th condition is tangible but only used if this is suspected
Contingent attention condition
Tests for Positive reinforcement
Attention is given and removed to establish the MO
Contingent escape condition
Tests for negative reinforcement
Client is given non preferred demands repeatedly to establish the MO
Along condition
Tests automatic reinforcement
Client remains in room without demands and with no social interaction - if behavior occurs no consequence is given
Spider web graph results
What does it mean
Inconclusive results or automatic reinforcement
Play condition
Aka Control
Tests for automatic reinforcement and serves as a control condition
Leisure materials are freely available while attention is given on average every 30 secs
Tangible condition
Client is given access to highly preferred items and/or activities for a set amount of time and then they are taken back.
When removed you establish the MO for tangible items
Brief functional analysis
Conducting FA in short period of time
Using attention, escape, alone and play and run each for 10 mins
Direct descriptive FBA
Aka
Descriptive assessment
Direct assessment
Direct observation of problem behavior under natural conditions
3 data collection methods for FBAs
ABC continuous recording
ABC narrative recording
Scatter plot
ABC continuous recording
Recorded occurrences of targeted problem behaviors abs selected environmental events within the natural routine during a specified period of time
Recorded for a minimum of 20-30 mins
Conditional probability
Probability that a target behavior will occur in a specific circumstances
Taken from ABC data
Reported in decimal form - closer to 1 the more convincing your hypothesis becomes
Formula
of behaviors preceded by a specific antecedent and/or followed by a specific consequences / total # of behaviors
ABC narrative recording
AKAs
Sequence analysis
ABC descriptive narrative data
Data collected only when behaviors of interest are being observed
Recording is open ended
May yield false positives because data are collected only when behavior occurs
Scatter plot
Aka
Pattern analysis
Procedure for recording the extent to which a target behaviors occurs more often at particular times than others
Analyze patterns to identify temporal distributions of behavior and events that occur at that time
Divide day into blocks of time - for each time period enter a symbol to indicate whether problem behavior occurred a lot or not at all
Indirect FBA
Identify potential events in the natural setting that correlate with the challenging behavior
Using rating scales, checklists, structured interviews
Functional equivalence
Aka functionally equivalent behaviors
Your intervention must match the function of the behavior
Ex. Of tantrum is for tangibles, theN provide access to tangibles for more appropriate behavior
3 characteristics of good operational definitions
OCC
Objective - refer only to the observable
Clear - readable and unambiguous
Complete - boundaries of a definition
Social validity
Is the persons life changed in a positive meaningful way??
3 factors
Social significance of goals
Social appropriateness of the procedures
Social importance of the effects
2 procedures for identifying effective reinforcers
Stimulus preference Assessment
Reinforcer assessment
Stimulus preference assessment
Identifies stimuli that are likely to function as reinforcers
A preference value of stimuli and conditions under which those preference values change when take demands, deprivation states. Or schedules of reinforcement change
3 basic methods of stimulus preference assessment
Asking about stimulus preferences
Free operant observation
Trial based methods
Asking about stimulus preference
Ask the target person
Open ended questions
Choice- what would you like to work for?
Ranking objects on a list
Free operant observation
Recording what activity a person engages in when they can choose during a period of unrestricted access
Contrived free operant observation
Practitioner fills environment with a variety of items the person may like
Naturalistic free operant
Conducted in learners everyday environment as unobtrusively as possible
3 ways to measure learners behavior
ACE
Approach - movement toward the stimulus
Contact- touching or holding the stimulus
Engagement - total time or percentage of intervals in which they interact with the stimulus
3 trial based methods
PMS
Paired stimulus
Multiple stimulus
Single stimulus
Paired stimulus
Aka forced choice
Presentation of 2 stimuli
Record which one they choose
Every pair of stimuli must be presented in order to rank them high, medium, and low
Multiple
Stimulus
Array of 3 or more stimulus
Reduces assessment time
Multiple stimuli with replacement
Multiple stimuli without replacement
Single stimulus
Aka successive choice
Give one item at a time and record their reaction
Reinforcer assessment
Used to determine the relative effects of a given stimulus as reinforcement under different and changing conditions and to assess the comparative effectiveness of multiple stimuli as reinforcers for a given behavior under certain conditions
Concurrent schedule reinforcer assessment
Pits 2 stimuli against each other to see which will produce the larger increase in responding when presented as a consequence for responding
Think matching law
Multiple schedule reinforcer assessment
Presents 2 or more component schedules of reinforcement for a single response with only one component schedule in effect at any given time
Progressive ratio schedule reinforcer assessment
Provides a framework for assessing the relative effectiveness of a stimulus as reinforcer as response requirements increase
Increased systematically over time independent of the participants behavior
After 1st response, then after 2nd, then after 3rd, etc until breaking point
Identifying potential punishers
Punishers are transitory
What is punishing for one person may not be for another
Punisher assessments
Similar to reinforcer assessments
We want to use the smallest intensity of the punisher but that is still effective
Measures negative verbalizations, avoidance movements, escape attempts
